The purpose of the toxicity assessment is to weigh available evidence regarding the potential for particular pesticide active ingredients to cause adverse health effects, and to provide an estimate of the relationship between exposure and the increased likelihood and severity of adverse health effects.[367] EPA has conducted toxicity assessments on most of the pesticide active ingredients found in the pesticides of potential concern (POPCs). Toxicity assessment consists of two steps: hazard identification and dose-response evaluation.
The HRA toxicity assessment was prepared based on the latest information available at the time; however, new information is released on an ongoing basis, which may impact the reliability of some aspects of this report. At the time the toxicity assessment was prepared, EPA’s Office of Pesticide Programs was devoting vast resources to compliance with provisions of the 1996 Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA). Under this Act, OPP is re-evaluating the registration of many pesticide products, assigning the highest priorities to organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates. As a result, OPP is frequently issuing new information on OPs and carbamates.
Hazard identification is the process of determining whether exposure to an agent can cause an adverse health effect and whether the adverse health effect is likely to occur in humans. An "adverse" health effect is an indication of unequivocal impairment of health. Adverse health effects may be frank effects and/or laboratory measurements. All the active ingredients in the POPCs have potential adverse health effects in humans by at least one exposure route, as indicated in the human or animal studies listed in Tables 92 through 103. Note that the "critical effects" listed in the tables all indicate a potential for adverse health effects, although not all are adverse health effects per se. Although the critical effects listed in the tables are experimental endpoints, based mainly on animal studies, EPA has determined that these effects are relevant to, and probably occur in, humans. Additional information regarding the hazard identification of the POPCs may be found in the documents cited in the tables, and in the RAND Literature Review.[368]
Table 92. Oral toxicity values - acute/subacute exposure; noncarcinogenic effectsa
CAS No. |
Active |
Descriptionb |
Valuec |
Sourced |
Additional Basis |
Critical Effect |
Test |
| 134-62-3 | DEET | NOEL |
-- |
--
|
extrapolation inappropriate | -- | -- |
RfD |
-- |
extrapolation inappropriate | |||||
| 52645-53-1 | Permethrin | NOEL |
2.50E+01 |
EPA[369] |
-- | weight loss, temperature, aggression, abnormal motor activity | rat |
RfD |
2.50E-01 * |
-- |
NOEL x 1/100 | ||||
| 26002-80-2 | d-Phenothrin | NOEL |
7.10E+00 * |
--
|
chronic NOEL | liver enlargement; hepatocellular effects | dog |
RfD |
7.10E-02 * |
chronic NOEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 35575-96-3 | Azamethiphos | NOEL |
3.00E-01 * |
--
|
subchronic NOEL | cholinergic poisoning effects | rat |
RfD |
3.00E-03 * |
subchronic NOEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 16752-77-5 | Methomyl | NOEL |
6.00E+00 |
EPA[370]
|
-- | 1-3 day mortality; neurotoxicity | rabbit |
RfD |
2.00E-02 |
NOEL x 1/300 | |||||
| 62-73-7 | Dichlorvos | NOAEL |
5.00E-01 |
EPA[371]
|
-- | single dose neurotoxicity | rat |
RfD |
2.00E-03 |
NOAEL x 1/300 | |||||
| 2921-88-2 | Chlorpyrifos | NOAEL |
5.00E-01 |
EPA[372]
|
-- | plasma cholinesterase inhibition | rat |
RfD |
5.00E-03 |
NOAEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 333-41-5 | Diazinon | NOAEL |
2.50E-01 |
EPA[373]
|
-- | plasma cholinesterase inhibition | rat |
RfD |
2.50E-03 |
NOAEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 121-75-5 | Malathion | NOEL |
5.00E+01 |
EPA[374]
|
-- | maternal toxicity exhibited | rabbit |
RfD |
5.00E-01 |
NOEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 114-26-1 | Propoxur | LOEL |
1.50E-01 |
EPA[375]
|
-- | blurred vision, nausea, sweating, increased blood pressure, vomiting, and 40% red blood cell cholinesterase inhibition | human |
RfD |
5.00E-03 |
LOEL x 1/30 | |||||
| 22781-23-3 | Bendiocarb | NOEL |
1.25E-01 |
EPA[376]
|
-- | whole blood cholinesterase inhibition | rat |
RfD |
4.16E-04 |
NOEL x 1/300 | |||||
| 58-89-9 | Lindane | NOEL |
1.00E+01 |
EPA[377]
|
-- | no end point was identified indicating the potential for adverse effects after a single dietary exposure | rat |
RfD |
1.00E-01 * |
NOEL x 1/100 |
| a) | A dash ("--") indicates one or more of the following apply: that no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were reported, or extrapolation was not done. |
| b) | NOEL = no-observed-effect level, NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect level, LOEL = lowest-observed-effect level, RfD = reference dose. |
| c) | An asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published value as described in the source or under basis. |
| d) | "O" = other. |
Table 93. Oral toxicity values - subchronic exposure; noncarcinogenic effectsa
CAS No. |
Active |
Descriptionb |
Valuec |
Sourced |
Additional Basis |
Critical Effecte |
Test |
| 134-62-3 | DEET | NOEL |
-- |
-- |
extrapolation inappropriate | -- | -- |
RfD |
-- |
extrapolation inappropriate | |||||
| 52645-53-1 | Permethrin | NOEL |
1.55E+01 |
EPA[378] |
-- | tremors and staggered gait; 13-week feeding study | rat |
RfD |
1.55E-01 * |
NOEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 26002-80-2 | d-Phenothrin | NOEL |
7.10E+00 * |
chronic NOEL | liver enlargement; hepatocellular effects | dog |
|
RfD |
7.10E-02 * |
chronic NOEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 35575-96-3 | Azamethiphos | NOEL |
3.00E-01 |
-- | blood cholinesterase inhibition; 13-week feeding | dog |
|
RfD |
3.00E-03 * |
NOEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 16752-77-5 | Methomyl | NOEL |
2.50E+00 * |
EPA[381] |
chronic NOEL | chronic histopathologic kidney lesions | dog |
RfD |
8.33E-03 * |
chronic RfD | |||||
| 62-73-7 | Dichlorvos | NOAEL |
5.00E-02 * |
EPA[382] |
chronic NOAEL | plasma/RBC/brain cholinesterase inhibition | dog |
RfD |
5.00E-04 * |
chronic RfD | |||||
| 2921-88-2 | Chlorpyrifos | NOAEL |
2.50E-02 |
EPA[383] |
-- | plasma inhibition at low doses and higher doses exhibited increased brain and heart weight, adrenal gland effects and decreased body weight gain | rat |
RfD |
2.50E-04 |
NOAEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 333-41-5 | Diazinon | NOAEL |
2.00E-02 * |
EPA[384] |
chronic NOAEL | pattern of no adverse effects on cholinesterase inhibition | dog |
RfD |
2.00E-04 * |
chronic RfD | |||||
| 121-75-5 | Malathion | NOAEL |
2.40E+00 * |
EPA [385] |
chronic NOAEL | inhibition of RBC cholinesterase activity | rat |
RfD |
2.40E-02 * |
chronic RfD | |||||
| 114-26-1 | Propoxur | NOEL |
2.46E+00 * |
EPA [386] |
chronic NOEL | elevated mean cholesterol level | dog |
RfD |
2.46E-02 * |
based on chronic NOEL | |||||
| 22781-23-3 | Bendiocarb | NOAEL |
1.25E-01 |
EPA [387] |
-- | whole blood cholinesterase inhibition | rat |
RfD |
4.16E-04 |
NOAEL x 1/300 | |||||
| 58-89-9 | Lindane | NOEL |
1.00E+01 |
EPA [388] |
-- | maternal effects in a 10-day feeding study | rat |
RfD |
1.00E-01 * |
NOEL x 1/100 |
| a) | A dash ("--") indicates one or more of the following apply: that no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were reported, or extrapolation was not done. |
| b) | NOEL = no-observed-effect level, NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect level, LOEL = lowest-observed-effect level, RfD = reference dose. |
| c) | An asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published value as described in the source or under basis. |
| d) | "O" = other. |
| e) | RBC = red blood cell. |
Table 94. Oral toxicity values - chronic exposure; noncarcinogenic effectsa
CAS No. |
Active |
Descriptionb |
Valuec |
Sourced |
Additional Basis |
Critical Effecte |
Test Species |
| 134-62-3 | DEET | NOEL |
1.00E+02 |
EPA[389] |
-- | decrease food consumption, body weight, 1-year study | dog |
RfD |
1.00E+00 * |
NOEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 52645-53-1 | Permethrin | NOEL |
5.00E+00 |
EPA [390] |
-- | increased liver weight | rat/mouse |
RfD |
5.00E-02 |
NOEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 26002-80-2 | d-Phenothrin | NOEL |
7.10E+00 |
-- | liver enlargement; hepatocellular effects | dog |
|
RfD |
7.10E-02 * |
NOEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 35575-96-3 | Azamethiphos | NOEL |
2.50E-01 |
-- | blood cholinesterase inhibition, 1 year study | dog |
|
RfD |
2.50E-03 |
NOEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 16752-77-5 | Methomyl | NOEL |
2.50E+00 |
EPA [393] |
-- | chronic histopathologic kidney lesions | dog |
RfD |
8.33E-03 |
NOEL x 1/300 | |||||
| 62-73-7 | Dichlorvos | NOAEL |
5.00E-02 |
EPA [394] |
-- | plasma/RBC/brain cholinesterase inhibition | dog |
RfD |
5.00E-04 |
NOAEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 2921-88-2 | Chlorpyrifos | NOAEL |
3.00E-02 |
EPA [395] |
-- | significant plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase inhibition | dog |
RfD |
3.00E-04 |
NOAEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 333-41-5 | Diazinon | NOAEL |
2.00E-02 |
EPA [396] |
-- | cholinesterase inhibition | dog/rat |
RfD |
2.00E-04 |
NOAEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 121-75-5 | Malathion | NOAEL |
2.40E+00 |
EPA [397] |
-- | inhibition of RBC cholinesterase activity | rat |
RfD |
2.40E-02 |
NOAEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 114-26-1 | Propoxur | NOEL |
2.46E+00 |
EPA [398] |
-- | elevated mean cholesterol level | dog |
RfD |
2.46E-02 * |
NOEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 22781-23-3 | Bendiocarb | NOAEL |
1.25E-01 |
EPA [399] |
-- | whole blood cholinesterase inhibition | rat |
RfD |
4.16E-04 |
NOAEL x 1/300 | |||||
| 58-89-9 | Lindane | NOEL |
4.70E-01 |
EPA [400] |
-- | Liver and spleen effects; increased platelets; chronic feeding study | rat |
RfD |
4.70E-03 |
NOEL x 1/100 |
| a) | A dash ("--") indicates one or more of the following apply: that no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were reported, or extrapolation was not done. |
| b) | NOEL = no-observed-effect level, NOAEL = no-observed-adverse effect level, LOEL = lowest-observed-effect level, RfD = reference dose. |
| c) | An asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published value as described in the source or under basis. |
| d) | "O" = other. |
| e) | RBC = red bllod cell. |
Table 95. Dermal toxicity values - acute/subacute exposure; noncarcinogenic effectsa
CAS No. |
Active Ingredient |
Descriptionb |
Valuec (mg/kg/d) |
Oral Absorption Factord |
Sourcee |
Additional Basis and/or Comment |
Critical Effect |
Test Species |
| 134-62-3 | DEET | NOEL |
-- |
-- |
-- |
extrapolation inappropriate | -- | -- |
RfD |
-- |
extrapolation inappropriate | ||||||
| 52645-53-1 | Permethrin | NOAEL |
4.30E+02 |
-- |
-- | mild skin irritation to no-effect | human |
|
RfD |
4.30E+01 * |
NOEL x 1/10 | ||||||
| 26002-80-2 | d-Phenothrin | NOEL |
4.97E+00 * |
0.70 |
-- |
chronic oral NOEL x OAF | -- | -- |
RfD |
4.97E-02 * |
chronic oral NOEL x OAF x 1/100 | ||||||
| 35575-96-3 | Azamethiphos | LOEL |
2.00E+01 * |
-- |
subchronic LOEL | cholinergic effects; 21-day percutaneous study | rabbit |
|
RfD |
2.00E-02 * |
based on subchronic LOEL | ||||||
| 16752-77-5 | Methomyl | NOEL |
9.00E+01 |
-- |
EPA[403] |
-- | no cholinesterase inhibition; 21-day dermal | rat |
RfD |
9.00E-01 |
NOEL x 1/100 | ||||||
| 62-73-7 | Dichlorvos | NOAEL |
6.50E-02 * |
0.65 |
EPA[404] |
acute oral NOAEL x OAF | cholinergic signs and weight loss; oral developmental study | rabbit |
RfD |
6.50E-04 * |
acute oral RfD x OAF | ||||||
| 2921-88-2 | Chlorpyrifos | NOAEL |
5.00E+00 |
-- |
EPA[405] |
-- | plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase inhibition; 4-day dermal | rat |
RfD |
5.00E-02 |
NOAEL x 1/100 | ||||||
| 333-41-5 | Diazinon | NOAEL |
2.13E-01* |
0.85 |
EPA[406] |
acute oral NOAEL x OAF | plasma cholinesterase inhibition; oral acute neurotoxicity | rat |
RfD |
2.13E-03 * |
acute oral RfD x OAF | ||||||
| 121-75-5 | Malathion | NOEL |
5.00E+01 |
-- |
EPA[407] |
-- | inhibition of plasma, red blood cell, and brain cholinesterase activity; 21-day dermal | rabbit |
RfD |
5.00E-01 |
NOEL x 1/100 | ||||||
| 114-26-1 | Propoxur | NOEL |
1.00E+03 |
-- |
EPA[408] |
-- | lack of toxic effects; 1 to 7-day dermal | rabbit |
RfD |
1.00E+01 * |
NOEL x 1/100 | ||||||
| 22781-23-3 | Bendiocarb | NOEL |
5.00E+01 |
-- |
EPA[409] |
-- | whole blood
cholinesterase inhibition; 21-day dermal |
rat |
RfD |
1.66E-01 |
-- |
EPA[410] |
NOEL x 1/300 | ||||
| 58-89-9 | Lindane | NOEL |
9.90E+00 * |
0.99 |
-- |
acute oral NOEL x OAF | no end point was identified from the data which indicated the potential for adverse effects after a single dietary exposure | rat |
RfD |
9.90E-02 * |
acute oral NOEL x OAF x 1/100 |
| a) | A dash ("--") indicates one or more of the following apply: that no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were reported, or extrapolation was not done. |
| b) | NOEL = no-observed-effect level, NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect level, LOEL = lowest-observed-effect level, RfD = reference dose. |
| c) | An asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published value as described in the source or under basis. |
| d) | Oral absorption factors (OAFs) from Table 105. Used if the dermal value is derived from an oral value. If so, the dermal value = the oral toxicity value x OAF. |
| e) | "O" = other. |
Table 96. Dermal toxicity values - subchronic exposure; noncarcinogenic effectsa
CAS No. |
Active |
Descrip- |
Valuec |
Absorption |
Sourcee |
Additional Basis and/or Comment |
Critical Effectf |
Test |
| 134-62-3 | DEET | NOEL |
-- |
-- |
-- |
extrapolation inappropriate | -- | -- |
RfD |
-- |
extrapolation inappropriate | ||||||
| 52645-53-1 | Permethrin | NOEL |
1.09E+01 * |
0.70 |
EPA[411] |
subchronic oral NOEL x OAF | -- | |
RfD |
1.09E-01 * |
subchronic oral NOEL x OAF x 1/100 | ||||||
| 26002-80-2 | d-Phenothrin | NOEL |
4.97E+00 * |
0.70 |
-- |
chronic oral NOEL x OAF | -- | -- |
RfD |
4.97E-02 * |
chronic oral NOEL x OAF x 1/100 | ||||||
| 35575-96-3 | Azamethiphos | LOEL |
2.00E+01 |
-- |
-- | cholinergic effects, 21-day percutaneous study | rabbit |
|
RfD |
2.00E-02 * |
LOEL x 1/1,000 | ||||||
| 16752-77-5 | Methomyl | NOEL |
9.00E+01 |
-- |
EPA[413] |
-- | no cholinesterase inhibition; 21-day dermal | rat |
RfD |
9.00E-01 |
NOEL x 1/100 | ||||||
| 62-73-7 | Dichlorvos | NOAEL |
3.25E-02 * |
0.65 |
EPA[414] |
chronic oral NOAEL x OAF | blood cholinesterase inhibition; 13 wk measurement in a 1-year oral study | dog |
RfD |
3.25E-04 * |
chronic oral RfD x OAF | ||||||
| 2921-88-2 | Chlorpyrifos | NOAEL |
2.70E-02 * |
0.9 |
EPA[415] |
chronic oral NOAEL x OAF | significant plasma and RBC cholinesterase inhibition; 85 to 93-day to 2-year oral | dog |
RfD |
2.70E-04 * |
chronic oral RfD x OAF | ||||||
| 333-41-5 | Diazinon | NOAEL |
1.70E-02 * |
0.85 |
EPA[416] |
chronic oral NOAEL x OAF | plasma cholinesterase inhibition; 90-day and 1-year oral | dog |
RfD |
1.70E-04 * |
chronic oral RfD x OAF | ||||||
| 121-75-5 | Malathion | NOEL |
5.00E+01 |
-- |
EPA[417] |
-- | inhibition of plasma, RBC and brain cholinesterase activity; 21-day dermal | rabbit |
RfD |
5.00E-01 |
NOEL x 1/100 | ||||||
| 114-26-1 | Propoxur | NOEL |
1.00E+03 |
-- |
EPA[418] |
-- | lack of toxic effects; 1-week to several months dermal | rabbit |
RfD |
1.00E+01 * |
NOEL x 1/100 | ||||||
| 22781-23-3 | Bendiocarb | NOEL |
5.00E+01 |
-- |
EPA[419] |
-- | whole blood cholinesterase inhibition; 1-week to several months dermal | rat |
RfD |
5.00E-02 |
NOEL x 1/1,000 | ||||||
| 58-89-9 | Lindane | NOEL |
9.90E+00 * |
0.99 |
-- |
subchronic oral NOEL x OAF | -- | -- |
RfD |
9.90E-02 * |
subchronic oral RfD x OAF |
| a) | A dash ("--") indicates one or more of the following apply: that no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were reported, or extrapolation was not done. |
| b) | NOEL = no-observed-effect level, NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect level, LOEL = lowest-observed-effect level, RfD = reference dose. |
| c) | An asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published value as described in the source or under basis. |
| d) | Oral absorption factors (OAFs) from Table 105. Used if the dermal value is derived from an oral value. If so, the dermal value = the oral toxicity value x OAF. |
| e) | "O" = other. |
| f) | RBC = red blood cell. |
Table 97. Dermal toxicity values - chronic exposure; noncarcinogenic effectsa
CAS No. |
Active |
Descrip-tionb |
Valuec |
Absorption |
Sourcee |
Additional
Basis |
Critical Effectf |
Test |
| 134-62-3 | DEET | NOEL |
-- |
-- |
-- |
extrapolation inappropriate | -- | -- |
RfD |
-- |
extrapolation inappropriate | ||||||
| 52645-53-1 | Permethrin | NOEL |
3.50E+00 * |
0.70 |
-- |
chronic oral NOEL x OAF | -- | -- |
RfD |
3.50E-02 * |
chronic oral RfD x OAF | ||||||
| 26002-80-2 | d-Phenothrin | NOEL |
4.97E+00 * |
0.70 |
-- |
chronic oral NOEL x OAF | -- | -- |
RfD |
4.97E-02 * |
chronic oral NOEL x OAF x 1/100 | ||||||
| 35575-96-3 | Azamethiphos | NOEL |
2.50E-01 * |
1.00 |
-- |
chronic oral NOEL x OAF | -- | -- |
RfD |
2.50E-03 * |
chronic oral RfD x OAF | ||||||
| 16752-77-5 | Methomyl | NOEL |
2.35E+00 * |
0.94 |
-- |
chronic oral NOEL x OAF | -- | -- |
RfD |
7.83E-03 * |
chronic oral RfD x OAF | ||||||
| 62-73-7 | Dichlorvos | NOAEL |
3.25E-02 * |
0.65 |
EPA[420] |
chronic oral NOAEL x OAF | plasma and RBC cholinesterase inhibition in both sexes and brain cholinesterase inhibition in males | -- |
RfD |
3.25E-04 * |
chronic oral RfD x OAF | ||||||
| 2921-88-2 | Chlorpyrifos | NOAEL |
2.70E-02 * |
0.90 |
EPA[421] |
chronic oral NOAEL x OAF | significant plasma and RBC cholinesterase inhibition; 85 to 93-days to 2-year oral | dog |
RfD |
2.70E-04 * |
chronic oral RfD x OAF | ||||||
| 333-41-5 | Diazinon | NOAEL |
1.70E-02 * |
0.85 |
EPA[422] |
chronic oral NOAEL x OAF | no adverse effects on cholinesterase inhibition; 2-year oral | rat |
RfD |
1.70E-04 * |
chronic oral RfD x OAF | ||||||
| 121-75-5 | Malathion | NOEL |
4.00E+00 |
-- |
EPA[423] |
-- | inhibition of plasma cholinesterase activity; combined 42-day dermal | rat |
RfD |
4.00E-02 |
NOEL x 1/100 | ||||||
| 114-26-1 | Propoxur | NOEL |
1.00E+03 |
-- |
EPA[424] |
-- | lack of toxic effects; several months to lifetime | rabbit |
RfD |
1.00E+01 * |
NOEL x 1/100 | ||||||
| 22781-23-3 | Bendiocarb | NOEL |
1.25E-01 |
-- |
EPA[425] |
-- | whole blood cholinesterase inhibition; >several months | rat |
RfD |
4.17E-04 |
NOEL x 1/300 | ||||||
| 58-89-9 | Lindane | NOEL |
-- |
-- |
-- |
data unavailable; no chronic exposure | -- | -- |
RfD |
-- |
| a) | A dash ("--") indicates one or more of the following apply: that no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were reported, or extrapolation was not done. |
| b) | NOEL = no-observed-effect level, NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect level, LOEL = lowest-observed-effect level, RfD = reference dose. |
| c) | An asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published value as described in the source or under basis. |
| d) | Oral absorption factors (OAFs) from Table 105. Used if the dermal value is derived from an oral value. If so, the dermal value = the oral toxicity value x OAF. |
| e) | "O" = other. |
| f) | RBC = red blood cell. |
Table 98. Inhalation toxicity values - acute/subacute exposure; noncarcinogenic effectsa
CAS No. |
Active |
Descrip- |
Valuec |
Units |
Sourced |
Additional Basis |
Critical Effecte |
Test |
| 134-62-3 | DEET | NOEL |
-- |
mg/kg/d | -- |
extrapolation inappropriate | -- | -- |
RfD |
-- |
-- | extrapolation inappropriate | |||||
| 52645-53-1 | Permethrin | NOEL |
2.50E+01 * |
mg/kg/d | -- |
acute oral NOEL | -- | -- |
RfD |
2.50E-01 * |
mg/kg/d | acute oral NOEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 26002-80-2 | d-Phenothrin | NOEL |
7.10E+00 * |
mg/kg/d | -- |
chronic oral NOEL | -- | -- |
RfD |
7.10E-02 * |
mg/kg/d | chronic oral NOEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 35575-96-3 | Azamethiphos | NOEL |
3.00E-01 * |
mg/kg/d | -- |
subchronic oral NOEL | -- | -- |
RfD |
3.00E-03 * |
mg/kg/d | subchronic oral NOEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 16752-77-5 | Methomyl | NOEL |
1.37E-01 |
mg/L | EPA[426] |
value for all exposure durations | clinical signs of neurotoxicity/acute | rat |
RfD |
1.30E-01 * |
mg/kg/d | NOEL converted to mg/kg/d x 1/300 | |||||
| 62-73-7 | Dichlorvos | NOAEL |
1.00E-01 |
mg/kg/d | EPA[427] |
-- | cholinergic effects (oral); developmental study | rabbit |
RfD |
1.00E-03 * |
mg/kg/d | NOAEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 2921-88-2 | Chlorpyrifos | NOAEL |
1.00E-01 |
mg/kg/d | EPA[428] |
-- | plasma and RBC cholinesterase inhibition | rat |
RfD |
1.00E-03 * |
mg/kg/d | NOAEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 333-41-5 | Diazinon | NOAEL |
2.60E-02 |
mg/kg/d | EPA[429] |
-- | plasma cholinesterase inhibition | rat |
RfD |
8.60E-05 |
mg/kg/d | NOAEL x 1/300 | |||||
| 121-75-5 | Malathion | LOEL |
1.00E-01 |
mg/L | EPA[430] |
-- | inhib. plasma, RBC cholinesterase; histopathology in respiratory epithelium | rat |
RfD |
2.80E-01 |
mg/kg/d | LOEL converted to mg/kg/d x 1/100 | |||||
| 114-26-1 | Propoxur | NOEL |
2.20E+00 |
mg/L | EPA[431] |
-- | significant plasma, RBC, and cholinesterase inhibition | rabbit |
RfD |
6.28E+00 * |
mg/kg/d | NOEL converted to mg/kg/d x 1/100 | |||||
| 22781-23-3 | Bendiocarb | NOEL |
1.80E-04 * |
mg/L | -- |
chronic NOEL | whole blood cholinesterase inhibition | rat |
RfD |
1.70E-04 * |
mg/kg/d | chronic RfD | |||||
| 58-89-9 | Lindane | NOEL |
1.00E+01 * |
mg/kg/d | -- |
acute oral NOEL | -- | -- |
RfD |
1.00E-01 * |
mg/kg/d | acute oral NOEL x 1/100 |
| a) | A dash ("--") indicates one or more of the following apply: that no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were reported, or extrapolation was not done. |
| b) | NOEL = no-observed-effect level, NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect level, LOEL = lowest-observed-effect level, RfD = reference dose. |
| c) | An asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published value as described in the source or under basis. |
| d) | "O" = other. |
| e) | RBC = red blood cell. |
Table 99. Inhalation toxicity values - subchronic exposure; noncarcinogenic effectsa
CAS No. |
Active |
Descrip- |
Valuec |
Units |
Sourced |
Additional Basis |
Critical Effecte |
Critical Effecte |
| 134-62-3 | DEET | NOEL |
-- |
mg/kg/d | -- |
extrapolation inappropriate | -- | -- |
RfD |
-- |
-- | extrapolation inappropriate | |||||
| 52645-53-1 | Permethrin | NOEL |
1.55E+01 * |
mg/kg/d | -- |
subchronic oral NOEL | -- | -- |
RfD |
1.55E-01 * |
mg/kg/d | subchronic oral NOEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 26002-80-2 | d-Phenothrin | NOEL |
7.10E+00 * |
mg/kg/d | -- |
chronic oral NOEL | -- | -- |
RfD |
7.10E-02 * |
mg/kg/d | chronic oral NOEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 35575-96-3 | Azamethiphos | NOEL |
3.00E-01 * |
mg/kg/d | -- |
subchronic oral NOEL | -- | -- |
RfD |
3.00E-03 * |
mg/kg/d | subchronic oral NOEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 16752-77-5 | Methomyl | NOEL |
1.37E-01 |
mg/L | EPA[432] |
value for all exposure durations | clinical signs of neurotoxicity/acute | rat |
RfD |
1.30E-01* |
mg/kg/d | NOEL converted to mg/kg/d x 1/300 | |||||
| 62-73-7 | Dichlorvos | NOAEL |
5.00E-02 |
mg/kg/d | EPA[433] |
-- | plasma/blood cholinesterase inhib.; 13 wk measurement in 1 year oral | dog |
RfD |
5.00E-04 * |
mg/kg/d | NOAEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 2921-88-2 | Chlorpyrifos | NOAEL |
1.00E-01 |
mg/kg/d | EPA[434] |
-- | plasma and RBC
cholinesterase inhibition |
rat |
RfD |
1.00E-03 * |
mg/kg/d | NOAEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 333-41-5 | Diazinon | NOAEL |
2.60E-02 |
mg/kg/d | EPA[435] |
-- | plasma cholinesterase inhibition | rat |
RfD |
8.60E-05 |
mg/kg/d | NOAEL x 1/300 | |||||
| 121-75-5 | Malathion | LOEL |
1.00E-01 |
mg/L | EPA[436] |
-- | inhib. plasma/RBC
cholinesterase; histopathology in respiratory epithelium |
rat |
RfD |
9.50E-02 |
mg/kg/d | LOEL converted to mg/kg/d x 1/300 | |||||
| 114-26-1 | Propoxur | NOEL |
2.20E+00 |
mg/L | EPA[437] |
-- | significant plasma, RBC, and cholinesterase inhibition | rabbit |
RfD |
6.28E+00 * |
mg/kg/d | NOEL converted to mg/kg/d x 1/100 | |||||
| 22781-23-3 | Bendiocarb | NOEL |
1.80E-04 * |
mg/L | -- |
chronic NOEL | whole blood cholinesterase inhibition | rat |
RfD |
1.70E-04 * |
mg/kg/d | chronic RfD | |||||
| 58-89-9 | Lindane | NOEL |
1.00E+01 * |
mg/kg/d | -- |
subchronic oral NOEL | -- | -- |
RfD |
1.00E-01 * |
mg/kg/d | subchronic oral NOEL x 1/100 |
| a) | A dash ("--") indicates one or more of the following apply: that no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were reported, or extrapolation was not done. |
| b) | NOEL = no-observed-effect level, NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect level, LOEL = lowest-observed-effect level, RfD = reference dose. |
| c) | An asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published value as described in the source or under basis. |
| d) | "O" = other. |
| e) | RBC = red blood cell. |
Table 100. Inhalation toxicity values - chronic exposure; noncarcinogenic effectsa
CAS No. |
Active |
Descrip- |
Valuec |
Units |
Sourced |
Additional Basis and/or Comment |
Critical Effect |
Test |
| 134-62-3 | DEET | NOEL |
-- |
-- | -- |
extrapolation inappropriate | -- | -- |
RfD |
-- |
-- | extrapolation inappropriate | |||||
| 52645-53-1 | Permethrin | NOAEL |
5.00E+00 * |
mg/kg/d | -- |
oral chronic NOAEL | -- | -- |
RfD |
5.00E-02 * |
mg/kg/d | oral chronic NOAEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 26002-80-2 | d-Phenothrin | NOEL |
7.10E+00 * |
mg/kg/d | -- |
oral chronic NOEL | -- | -- |
RfD |
7.10E-02 * |
mg/kg/d | oral chronic NOEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 35575-96-3 | Azamethiphos | NOEL |
2.50E-01 * |
mg/kg/d | -- |
oral chronic NOEL | -- | -- |
RfD |
2.50E-03 * |
mg/kg/d | oral chronic NOEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 16752-77-5 | Methomyl | NOEL |
1.37E-01 |
mg/L | EPA[438] |
value for all exposure durations | clinical signs of neurotoxicity/acute | rat |
RfD |
1.30E-01 * |
mg/kg/d | NOEL converted to mg/kg/d x 1/300 | |||||
| 62-73-7 | Dichlorvos | NOAEL |
5.00E-05 |
mg/L | EPA[439] |
-- | blood, plasma and brain cholinesterase inhibition; 2 year inhalation study | rat |
RfD |
4.80E-05 * |
mg/kg/d | NOAEL converted to mg/kg/d x 1/300 | |||||
| 2921-88-2 | Chlorpyrifos | NOAEL |
3.00E-02 |
mg/kg/d | EPA[440] |
-- | plasma and RBC cholinesterase inhibition | dog |
RfD |
3.00E-04 * |
mg/kg/d | NOAEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 333-41-5 | Diazinon | NOAEL |
2.60E-02 |
mg/kg/d | EPA[441] |
-- | plasma cholinesterase inhibition | rat |
RfD |
8.60E-05 |
mg/kg/d | NOAEL x 1/300 | |||||
| 121-75-5 | Malathion | LOEL |
1.00E-01 |
mg/L | EPA[442] |
-- | inhib. plasma, RBC cholinesterase activity; histopathology in respiratory epithelium | rat |
RfD |
9.50E-02 |
mg/kg/d | LOEL converted to mg/kg/d x 1/300 | |||||
| 114-26-1 | Propoxur | NOEL |
2.20E+00 |
mg/L | EPA[443] |
-- | significant plasma, RBC, and cholinesterase inhibition | rabbit |
RfD |
6.28E+00 * |
mg/kg/d | NOEL x 1/100 | |||||
| 22781-23-3 | Bendiocarb | NOEL |
1.80E-04 |
mg/L | EPA[444] |
-- | whole blood cholinesterase inhibition | rat |
RfD |
1.70E-04 |
mg/kg/d | NOEL converted to mg/kg/d x 1/300 | |||||
| 58-89-9 | Lindane | NOEL |
-- |
-- | -- |
no chronic exposure | -- | -- |
RfD |
-- |
-- | no chronic exposure |
| a) | A dash ("--") indicates one or more of the following apply: that no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were reported, or extrapolation was not done. |
| b) | NOEL = no-observed-effect level, NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect level, LOEL = lowest-observed-effect level, RfD = reference dose. |
| c) | An asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published value as described in the source or under basis. |
| d) | "O" = other. |
| e) | RBC = red blood cell. |
Table 101. Oral slope factors; carcinogenic effectsa
CAS No. |
Active |
Group |
Valueb |
Sourcec |
Additional Basis and/or Comment |
Target Organ (Tumor Type) |
Test Species |
| 134-62-3 | DEET | D |
-- |
EPA[445] |
-- | not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity | rats/mice |
| 52645-53-1 | Permethrin | -- |
1.60E-02 |
-- | lung and liver adenocarcinomas | mice |
|
| 26002-80-2 | d-Phenothrin | -- |
-- |
-- |
data unavailable | -- | -- |
| 35575-96-3 | Azamethiphos | -- |
-- |
-- | evidence of noncarcinogenicity | rats/mice |
|
| 16752-77-5 | Methomyl | E |
-- |
EPA[448] |
-- | not likely carcinogenic to humans | not specified |
| 62-73-7 | Dichlorvos | -- |
-- |
EPA[449] |
no quantitative assessment of cancer risk is required | suggestive carcinogen | -- |
| 2921-88-2 | Chlorpyrifos | -- |
-- |
EPA[450] |
-- | no Evidence | rats/mice |
| 333-41-5 | Diazinon | -- |
-- |
EPA[451] |
-- | not Likely | rats/mice |
| 121-75-5 | Malathion | -- |
-- |
EPA[452] |
previous slope factor removed | suggestive carcinogen; no slope factor | -- |
| 114-26-1 | Propoxur | B |
3.70E-03 |
EPA[453] |
-- | bladder tumor | rat |
| 22781-23-3 | Bendiocarb | E |
-- |
EPA[454] |
-- | noncarcinogenic to humans | rats/mice |
| 58-89-9 | Lindane | B2/C |
1.10E+00 |
EPA[455] |
-- | liver tumors | mice |
| a) | A dash ("--") indicates one or more of the following apply: that no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were reported, or extrapolation |
| b) | An asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published value as described in the source or under basis. |
| c) | "O" = other |
Table 102. Dermal slope factors; carcinogenic effectsa
CAS No. |
Active |
Group |
Valueb |
Oral |
Sourced |
Additional Basis |
Target Organ |
Test |
| 134-62-3 | DEET | -- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
data unavailable (see oral) | -- | -- |
| 52645-53-1 | Permethrin | -- |
2.30E-02 |
0.70 |
-- | lung and liver adenocarcinomas | mice |
|
| 26002-80-2 | d-Phenothrin | -- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
data unavailable | -- | -- |
| 35575-96-3 | Azamethiphos | -- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
data unavailable (see oral) | -- | -- |
| 16752-77-5 | Methomyl | -- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
data unavailable (see oral) | -- | -- |
| 62-73-7 | Dichlorvos | -- |
-- |
-- |
EPA[457] |
no quantitative assessment of cancer risk is required | suggestive carcinogen | -- |
| 2921-88-2 | Chlorpyrifos | -- |
-- |
-- |
EPA[458] |
-- | no evidence of carcinogenicity | rats/mice |
| 333-41-5 | Diazinon | -- |
-- |
-- |
EPA[459] |
-- | carcinogenic activity not likely | rats/mice |
| 121-75-5 | Malathion | -- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
data unavailable (see oral) | -- | -- |
| 114-26-1 | Propoxur | -- |
3.94E-03 * |
0.94 |
-- |
oral slope factor x 1/OAF | -- | -- |
| 22781-23-3 | Bendiocarb | -- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
data unavailable (see oral) | -- | -- |
| 58-89-9 | Lindane | B2/C |
1.11E+00 * |
0.99 |
EPA[460] |
oral slope factor x 1/OAF | liver tumors | mice |
| a) | A dash ("--") indicates one or more of the following apply: that no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were reported, or extrapolation was not done. |
| b) | An asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published value as described in the source or under basis. |
| c) | Oral absorption factors (OAFs) from Table 105. Used if the dermal slope factor is derived from an oral slope factor. If so, the dermal slope factor = oral SF x 1/OAF. |
| d) | "O" = other. |
Table 103. Inhalation slope factors; carcinogenic effectsa
CAS No. |
Active |
Group |
Valueb |
Sourcec |
Additional Basis |
Target Organ |
Test |
| 134-62-3 | DEET | -- |
-- |
-- |
data unavailable (see oral) | -- | -- |
| 52645-53-1 | Permethrin | -- |
1.60E-02 * |
-- |
oral slope factor | -- | -- |
| 26002-80-2 | d-Phenothrin | -- |
-- |
-- |
data unavailable | -- | -- |
| 35575-96-3 | Azamethiphos | -- |
-- |
-- |
data unavailable (see oral) | -- | -- |
| 16752-77-5 | Methomyl | -- |
-- |
-- |
data unavailable (see oral) | -- | -- |
| 62-73-7 | Dichlorvos | -- |
-- |
-- |
data unavailable (see oral) | -- | -- |
| 2921-88-2 | Chlorpyrifos | -- |
-- |
-- |
data unavailable (see oral) | -- | -- |
| 333-41-5 | Diazinon | -- |
-- |
-- |
data unavailable (see oral) | -- | -- |
| 121-75-5 | Malathion | -- |
-- |
-- |
data unavailable (see oral) | -- | -- |
| 114-26-1 | Propoxur | -- |
3.70E-03 * |
-- |
oral slope factor | -- | -- |
| 22781-23-3 | Bendiocarb | -- |
-- |
EPA[461] |
-- | carcinogenic activity not likely | rats/mice |
| 58-89-9 | Lindane | -- |
1.10E+00 * |
-- |
oral slope factor | -- | -- |
| a) | A dash ("--") indicates one or more of the following apply: that no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were reported, or extrapolation was not done. |
| b) | An asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published value as described in the source or under basis. |
| c) | "O" = other |
| First Page | Prev Page | Next Page |