END NOTES

[1] Tab A lists acronyms, abbreviations, and glossary terms.

[2] Tab B lists all the information sources used to develop this Environmental Exposure Report.

[3] Gulf War veteran, e-mail message, Subject: "Your Gulf War Illness Presentation," January 21, 1998, @ 0100.

[4] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "Environmental Exposure Report - Particulate Matter," July 2000.

[5] The RAND Corporation, "A Review of the Scientific Literature as It Pertains to Gulf War Illness, Volume VI: Oil Fires," MR-1018-OSD, prepared for the Office of the Special Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, 1998.

[6] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-1192, February 1994.

[7] US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Draft Final Report - Environmental Surveillance Health Risk Assessment, April 1998.

[8] El Desouky, M. and M.Y. Abdulraheem, "Impact of Oil Well Fires on the Air Quality in Kuwait," The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires, eds. Al-Shatti, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington, Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham, October 1991, p. 16.

[9] Foreign Science and Technology Center, Science Division, "Kuwait: Serious Oil Fire, Gas and Smoke Dangers," AST-226OZ-148-90, January 1991, published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 9.

[10] Husain, T., Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives, 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 40.

[11] Tawfiq, N.I., "Response by Saudi Arabia to the Environmental Crisis Caused by the Gulf War," The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires, eds. Al-Shatti, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington, Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham, October 1991, p. 41.

[12] Draxler, R.R., J.T. McQueen and B.J.B Stunder, "An Evaluation of Air Pollutant Exposures Due to the 1991 Kuwait Oil Fires," Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 28, No. 13, August 1994, p. 2197.

[13] Tawfiq, N.I., "Response by Saudi Arabia to the Environmental Crisis Caused by the Gulf War," The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires, eds. Al-Shatti, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington, Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham, October 1991, p. 41.

[14] Husain, T., Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives, 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 48 and 51.

[15] Tawfiq, N.I., "Response by Saudi Arabia to the Environmental Crisis Caused by the Gulf War," The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires, eds. Al-Shatti, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington, Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham, October 1991, p. 41.

[16] El Desouky, M. and M.Y. Abdulraheem, "Impact of Oil Well Fires on the Air Quality in Kuwait," The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires, eds. Al-Shatti, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington, Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham, October 1991, p. 18.

[17] "Damage Assessment - Kuwait Oil," Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[18] Husain, T., Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives, 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 40.

[19] US Environmental Protection Agency, Kuwait Oil Fires: Interagency Interim Report, Washington, D.C., 1991, p.1.

[20] Final Report to Congress under Public Law 102-27, Section 309, United States Gulf Environmental Technical Assistance, January 27 - July 31, 1991, p. vi.

[21] El-Baz, F., A. Abuelgasim, M. Koch, M. Pax-Lenny, E. Lambin, A. Al-Doasari, P. Marr, S. Ryherd, and R. Morency, "Detection by Satellite Images of Environmental Changes Due to the Gulf War," The Gulf War and the Environment, eds. Farouk El-Baz and R.M. Makharita, Gordon and Breach Publishers, 1994, p. 3.

[22] El Desouky, M. and M.Y. Abdulraheem, "Impact of Oil Well Fires on the Air Quality in Kuwait," The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires, eds. Al-Shatti, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington, Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham, October 1991, p. 16.

[23] Central Intelligence Agency, Intelligence Information Report, Subject: "Sabotage of Oil Fields and Assessment of Possible Resultant Damage," published on GulfLINK, August 1990 (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[24] Foreign Science and Technology Center, Applied Technologies, "Kuwait: Serious Oil Fire, Gas and Smoke Dangers," AST-226OZ-148-90, January 1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 9.

[25] Directorate of Intelligence, Intelligence Information Report, Subject: "Iraq and the Gulf War," 1990-1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[26] Directorate of Intelligence, Intelligence Information Report, Subject: "Iraq and the Gulf War," 1990-1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[27] Directorate of Intelligence, Intelligence Information Report, Subject: "Iraq and the Gulf War," 1990-1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[28] Department of the Army, 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment, Subject: "Regimental Operations Update 22-23 Feb 91," Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 3.

[29] Directorate of Intelligence, Intelligence Information Report, Subject: "Iraq and the Gulf War," 1990-1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[30] Directorate of Intelligence, Intelligence Information Report, Subject: "Iraq and the Gulf War," 1990-1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[31] Central Intelligence Agency, Information Report, January 16, 1990.

[32] Central Intelligence Agency, Information Report, January 16, 1990.

[33] Central Intelligence Agency, Information Report, January 16, 1990.

[34] Defense Intelligence Agency. Original Translation, 1997, p. 62.

[35] Defense Intelligence Agency. Original Translation, 1997, p. 62.

[36] Defense Intelligence Agency. Revised Translation, April 1997, p. 29.

[37] "How Will Chemical Weapons be Destroyed," Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization, published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 1.

[38] Lead sheet 7291, Interview with a technical consultant on the interaction of Chemical Weapons with oil well fires, December 11, 1997, p. 1.

[39] Lead sheet 7292, Interview with a technical consultant on the interaction of Chemical Weapons with oil well fires, December 11, 1997, p. 1.

[40] Lead sheet 7291, Interview with a technical consultant on the interaction of Chemical Weapons with oil well fires, December 11, 1997, p. 1.

[41] Lead sheet 7292, Interview with a technical consultant on the interaction of Chemical Weapons with oil well fires, December 11, 1997, p. 1.

[42] Lead sheet 7291, Interview with a technical consultant on the interaction of Chemical Weapons with oil well fires, December 11, 1997, p. 1.

[43] Lead sheet 13944, Interview with a technical consultant on the interaction of Chemical Weapons with oil well fires, December 19, 1997, p. 1.

[44] US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological profile for benzene (update)," 1995.

[45] Foreign Science and Technology Center, Applied Technologies Branch, "Kuwait: Serious Oil Fire, Gas and Smoke Dangers," AST-226OZ-148-90, January 1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 17.

[46] Foreign Science and Technology Center, Applied Technologies Branch, "Kuwait: Serious Oil Fire, Gas and Smoke Dangers," AST-226OZ-148-90, January 1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 8.

[47] Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center (AFMIC), Weekly Wire 48-90, "Iraq: Threat Posed by Flame Obstacles," published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[48] Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center (AFMIC), Weekly Wire 48-90, "Iraq: Threat Posed by Flame Obstacles," published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[49] Foreign Science and Technology Center, Applied Technologies Branch, "Kuwait: Serious Oil Fire, Gas and Smoke Dangers," AST-226OZ-148-90, January 1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 12.

[50] Foreign Science and Technology Center, Applied Technologies Branch, "Kuwait: Serious Oil Fire, Gas and Smoke Dangers," AST-226OZ-148-90, January 1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 12.

[51] US Army Intelligence Agency Report was contained in US Central Command, "Oil Well Fires in Kuwait," February 1991, published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 1.  

[52] Army Central Command message, XVIII Corps, Subject: "Hydrogen Sulfide," November 1990, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 3. 

[53] Staff X M ERS/DAG Team Chiefs memorandum, "Health Threat from Oil Well Fires - Information Paper," March 1991, published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 9. 

[54] Command Surgeon of the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force memorandum, "Documentation of Petroleum Fire Smoke Exposure in Marine Personnel in KTO," March 1991, published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 1. 

[55] US General Accounting Office report, Health Effects of the Kuwait Oil Well Fires, Washington, D.C., January 1992, p. 4.

[56] US General Accounting Office report, Health Effects of the Kuwait Oil Well Fires, Washington, D.C., January 1992, p. 4.

[57] US General Accounting Office report, Health Effects of the Kuwait Oil Well Fires, Washington, D.C., January 1992, p. 5.

[58] US General Accounting Office report, Health Effects of the Kuwait Oil Well Fires, Washington, D.C., January 1992, p. 1.

[59] The questions presented to the veterans focused on examining incidents that occurred during the Gulf War, the hazardous exposures that may have resulted from these incidents, and the broader implications of such incidents. Veterans who have information to offer have been requested to call the DoD Incident Reporting Hotline on a toll free number - 1-800-472-6719.

[60] Lead sheet 5994, Responses from calls to 270 Gulf War veterans, July 1997 - April 1998, p. 1.

[61] Note: Results based on 270 responses.

[62] Lead sheet 8858, Interview with Gulf War veteran, May 15, 1997, p. 1.

[63] Central Intelligence Agency, Intelligence Information Report, Subject: "Damage Assessment - Kuwait Oil," Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil). 

[64] Central Intelligence Agency, Intelligence Information Report, Subject: "Damage Assessment - Kuwait Oil," Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[65] "Christmas Tree" valves consisted of piping and gates at the well-heads that controlled the flow of crude oil from the well to the transfer pipeline that carried the oil to collection points.

[66] Central Intelligence Agency, Intelligence Information Report, Subject: "Damage Assessment - Kuwait Oil," Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil). 

[67] Husain, T., Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives, 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 40.

[68] Directorate of Intelligence, Intelligence Information Report, Subject: "Iraq and the Gulf War," 1990-1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil). (HTML)

[69] Foreign Science and Technology Center, Applied Technologies Branch, "Kuwait: Serious Oil Fire, Gas and Smoke Dangers," AST-226OZ-148-90, January 1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 16. 

[70] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Interim: Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-L192-91, June 1991, p. 2.

[71] US Environmental Protection Agency, Report to Congress, United States Gulf Environmental Technical Assistance, under Public Law 102-27, Section 309, January 27 - July 31, 1991, p. 3.

[72] Husain, T., Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives, 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 47.

[73] Al-Besharah, J., "The Kuwait Oil Fires and Oil Lakes - Facts and Numbers." The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires, Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham. October 1991, p. 13.

[74] Tawfiq, N.I., "Response by Saudi Arabia to the Environmental Crisis Caused by the Gulf War." The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires, eds. Al-Shatti, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington, Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham, October 1991, p. 41.

[75] Al-Hassan, J.M., "The Iraqi Invasion - Environmental Catastrophe," The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires, Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham, October 1991, p. 6.

[76] Thorhaug, A., "The Environmental Future of Kuwait," The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires, Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham, October 1991, p. 69.

[77] Directorate of Intelligence, Intelligence Information Report, Subject: "Iraq and the Gulf War," 1990-1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).  

[78] Husain, T., Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives, 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 40.

[79] Defense Intelligence Agency, CENTAF-REAR, "Defense Intelligence Summary: Damage to Kuwaiti Oil Fields," February 21, 1991, p. 3.

[80] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Interim: Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-L192-91, June 1991, p. B-14.

[81] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Interim: Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-L192-91, June 1991, p. B-14.

[82] Tawfiq, N.I., "Response by Saudi Arabia to the Environmental Crisis Caused by the Gulf War," The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires, eds. Al-Shatti, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington, Proceedings of an International symposium Held at the University of Birmingham, October 1991, p. 41.

[83] Central Intelligence Agency, Intelligence Information Report, Subject: "Damage Assessment - Kuwait Oil," Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 1.

[84] Central Intelligence Agency, Intelligence Information Report, Subject: "Damage Assessment - Kuwait Oil," Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 1.  

[85] Husain, T., Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives, 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 40.

[86] Central Intelligence Agency, Intelligence Information Report, Subject: "Damage Assessment - Kuwait Oil," Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 1. 

[87] Al-Besharah, J., "The Kuwait Oil Fires and Oil Lakes - Facts and Numbers," The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires, Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham, October 1991, p.15.

[88] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Interim: Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-L192-91, June 1991, p. B-14.

[89] Husain, T., Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives, 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 40.

[90] ARCENT message, Subject: "Kuwait Oil Fire Gas and Smoke Hazards," Tactical Operations Center Logs - Luck Tac Journals, February 1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 2. 

[91] Al-Besharah, J., "The Kuwait Oil Fires and Oil Lakes - Facts and Numbers," The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires, Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham, October 1991, p. 15.

[92] US Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, and the Centers for Disease Control, Final Report to Congress (Appendix H), Preliminary Health Advisory Related to Burning Oil Well in Kuwait, 1991, p. 2.

[93] US Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, and the Centers for Disease Control, Final Report to Congress (Appendix H), Preliminary Health Advisory Related to Burning Oil Well in Kuwait, 1991, p. 2.

[94] Al-Ajmi, D.N., and Y.R. Marmoush, "Ground Level Concentration of Sulfur Dioxide at Kuwait's Major Population Centers During the Oil-Field Fires," Environmental International, Vol. 22, No. 3. 1996, p. 279.

[95] US Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, and the Centers for Disease Control, Final Report to Congress (Appendix H), Preliminary Health Advisory Related to Burning Oil Well in Kuwait, 1991, p. 2.

[96] Ferek, R.J., P.V. Hobbs, J.A. Herring and K.K. Laursen, "Chemical Composition of Emissions from the Kuwait Oil Fires," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, 1992, p. 14,484.

[97] Ferek, R.J., P.V. Hobbs, J.A. Herring and K.K. Laursen, "Chemical Composition of Emissions from the Kuwait Oil Fires," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, 1992, p. 14,483.

[98] Central Intelligence Agency, Intelligence Information Report, Subject: "Environmental Impacts of Oil Fire," July 1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 1.

[99] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Interim: Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-L192-91, June 1991, p. B-26.

[100] Al-Ajmi, D.N., and Y.R. Marmoush, "Ground Level Concentration of Sulfur Dioxide at Kuwait's Major Population Centers During the Oil-Field Fires," Environmental International, Vol. 22, No. 3, 1996, p. 279-280.

[101] Ferek, R.J., P.V. Hobbs, J.A. Herring and K.K. Laursen, "Chemical Composition of Emissions from the Kuwait Oil Fires," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, 1992, p. 14,483.

[102] Husain, T., Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives, 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 73.

[103] Lead sheet 14353, Interview with Gulf War veteran, February 10, 1998.

[104] Husain, T., Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives, 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 39.

[105] US Environmental Protection Agency, Kuwait Oil Fires: Interagency Interim Report, Washington, D.C., 1991, p. 1.

[106] Figure generated using Intergraph MGE software package by USACHPPM September 1997.

[107] Cahalan, R.F., "The Kuwait Oil Fires as Seen by Landsat," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, No. D13, 1992, p. 14,565.

[108] Figures generated using Intergraph MGE Terrain Analyst software package by USACHPPM September 1997.

[109] Ferek, R.J., P.V. Hobbs, J.A. Herring and K.K. Laursen, "Chemical Composition of Emissions from the Kuwait Oil Fires," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, 1992, p. 14,483.

[110] Cofer, W.R. III, R.K. Stevens, E.L. Winstead, J.P. Pinto, D.I. Sebacher, M.Y.Abdulraheem, M. Al-Sahafi, M.A. Mazurek, R.A. Rasmussen, D.R. Cahoon, and J.S. Levine, "Kuwait Oil Fires: Compositions of Source Smoke," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, No. D13, 1991, p. 14,521.

[111] Ferek, R.J., P.V. Hobbs, J.A. Herring and K.K. Laursen, "Chemical Composition of Emissions from the Kuwait Oil Fires," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, 1992, p. 14,483.

[112] US Environmental Protection Agency, Kuwait Oil Fires: Interagency Interim Report, Washington, D.C., 1991, p. 1.

[113] US Department of Defense, "Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects," Washington, D.C., June 1994, p. 50.

[114] Cofer, W.R. III, R.K. Stevens, E.L. Winstead, J.P. Pinto, D.I. Sebacher, M.Y.Abdulraheem, M. Al-Sahafi, M.A. Mazurek, R.A. Rasmussen, D.R. Cahoon, and J.S. Levine, "Kuwait Oil Fires: Compositions of Source Smoke," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, No. D13, 1991, p. 14,524.

[115] Lead sheet 14436, Interview with Gulf War veteran, March 4, 1998.

[116] Husain, T., Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives, 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 88.

[117] US Department of Defense, "Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects," Washington, D.C., June 1994, p. 50.

[118] US Department of Defense, "Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects," Washington, D.C., June 1994, p. 50.

[119] Testimony of John S. Andrews, Jr., M.D., Associate Administrator for Science, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health Service before the Subcommittee on Hospitals and Health Care on the Possible Adverse Health Effects of Service in the Persian Gulf; H.R. 5864, to Establish a Persian Gulf War Veteran's Registry, September 16, 1992.

[120] Presidential Advisory Committee (PAC) on Gulf War Veteran's Illnesses: Final Report, Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, December 1996.

[121] Testimony of John S. Andrews, Jr., M.D., Associate Administrator for Science, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health Service before the Subcommittee on Hospitals and Health Care on the Possible Adverse Health Effects of Service in the Persian Gulf; H.R. 5864, to Establish a Persian Gulf War Veteran's Registry, September 16, 1992.  

[122] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. 50.

[123] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. 50.

[124] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Interim: Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-L192-91, June 1991, p. B-77.

[125] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. 50.

[126] Presidential Advisory Committee (PAC) on Gulf War Veteran's Illnesses: Final Report, Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, December 1996, published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil). 

[127] Presidential Advisory Committee (PAC) on Gulf War Veteran's Illnesses: Final Report, Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, December 1996. Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[128] Szabo, Grant and Jeff Beer, review of the Gulf War Aftermath: An Environmental Tradegy, by M. Sadig and J. C. McCain, web site http://www.gulfwar.org (as of June 3, 1998).

[129] Presidential Advisory Committee (PAC) on Gulf War Veteran's Illnesses: Final Report, Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, December 1996, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 100. 

[130] US Environmental Protection Agency, Kuwait Oil Fires: Interagency Interim Report, Washington, D.C., 1991, p. A-2.

[131] Presidential Advisory Committee (PAC) on Gulf War Veteran's Illnesses: Final Report, Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, December 1996, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 100. 

[132] US Department of Defense, "Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects," Washington, D.C., June 1994, p. 1.

[133] US Army Central Command, CAT Tasking Form, "Health Risks in Kuwait," 19 March 1991, published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 3. 

[134] US Environmental Protection Agency, Kuwait Oil Fires: Interagency Interim Report, Washington, D.C., 1991, p. 1.

[135] US Environmental Protection Agency, Kuwait Oil Fires: Interagency Interim Report, Washington, D.C., 1991, p. 2.

[136] US Environmental Protection Agency, Kuwait Oil Fires: Interagency Interim Report, Washington, D.C., 1991, p. 1.

[137] Husain, T., Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives, 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 112.

[138] US Environmental Protection Agency, Kuwait Oil Fires: Interagency Interim Report, Washington, D.C., 1991, p. A-1 & A-2.

[139] US General Accounting Office, "Health Effects of the Kuwait Oil Well Fires," January 1992, p. 3.

[140] US General Accounting Office, "International Environment: Kuwaiti Oil Fires - Chronic Health Risks Unknown but Assessments are Under Way," January 1992, p. 16.

[141] US Environmental Protection Agency, Kuwait Oil Fires: Interagency Interim Report, Washington, D.C., 1991, p. A-2.

[142] US Code of Federal Regulations, 40CFR50, National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards, July 1997.

[143] US Code of Federal Regulations, 29CFR1910.1000, OSHA General Industry Air Contaminants Standard, July 1997.

[144] American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 1996 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices, January 1997.

[145] US General Accounting Office, International Environment: Kuwaiti Oil Fires - Chronic Health Risks Unknown but Assessments are Under Way, January 1992, p. 8.

[146] US General Accounting Office, International Environment: Kuwaiti Oil Fires - Chronic Health Risks Unknown but Assessments are Under Way, January 1992, p. 18.

[147] Abdali, F., and S. Al-Yakoob, "Environmental Dimensions of the Gulf War: Potential Health Impacts," The Gulf War and the Environment, eds. Farouk El-Baz and R.M. Makharita, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1994, p. 88.

[148] US Environmental Protection Agency, Kuwait Oil Fires: Interagency Interim Report, Washington, D.C., 1991, p. A-2.

[149] US General Accounting Office, International Environment: Kuwaiti Oil Fires - Chronic Health Risks Unknown but Assessments are Under Way, January 1992, p. 18.

[150] US Environmental Protection Agency, National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter, Final Rule, Federal Register, Vol. 62, No 138. July 18, 1997.

[151] US Department of Defense, Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects, June 1994, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 1.  

[152] McClellan, R.O. and F.J. Miller, "An Overview of EPA's Proposed Revision of the Particulate Matter Standard," Activities, Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, April 1997, Vol. 17, No. 4. p. 5.

[153] US General Accounting Office, "Health Effects of the Kuwait Oil Well Fires," January 1992, p. 3.

[154] US Department of Defense, Report to the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects, June 1994, published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil). 

[155] HRAs are an evaluation of the potential health impacts resulting from exposure to a chemical or physical agent or pollutant. The methodology to conduct an HRA is recommended by the US EPA: "Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund." Vol. I: Human Health Evaluation Manual, Interim Final, 540/1-89-002, December 1989.

[156] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. B-7-2.

[157] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. 32.

[158] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Interim: Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-L192-91, June 1991, p. B-33 & B-34.

[159] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Interim: Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-L192-91, June 1991, p. 2.

[160] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Interim: Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-L192-91, June 1991, p. B-34.

[161] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. 1.

[162] US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Draft Final Report - Environmental Surveillance Health Risk Assessment, Kuwait Oil Fires, April 1998, p. 6.

[163] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. 3.

[164] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. B-1 and C-1.

[165] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. B-7-8.

[166] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. G-1.

[167] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. G-2.

[168] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. G-2.

[169] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. G-30.

[170] US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine, Draft Final Report - Environmental Surveillance Health Risk Assessment, Kuwait Oil Fires, June 1998, p.62.

[171] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Interim: Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-L192-91, June 1991, p. ES-3.

[172] Institute of Medicine, Health Consequences of Service During the Gulf War: Recommendations for Research and Information Systems, National Academy Press, 1996, p. 46.

[173] The data for Figure 20 was obtained from the US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency's Interim and Final Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessments.

[174] US Environmental Protection Agency, Report to Congress, United States Gulf Environmental Technical Assistance, under Public Law 102-27, Section 309, January 27 - July 31, 1991, p. 1.

[175] Presidential Advisory Committee (PAC) on Gulf War Veteran's Illnesses: Final Report, Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, December 1996, p. 100.

[176] US General Accounting Office, International Environment: Kuwaiti Oil Fires - Chronic Health Risks Unknown but Assessments are Under Way, January 1992, p. 20-27.

[177] US General Accounting Office, International Environment: Kuwaiti Oil Fires - Chronic Health Risks Unknown but Assessments are Under Way, January 1992, p. 20-27.

[178] Husain, T., Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives, 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 116.

[179] The RAND Corporation, "Oil Fires: A Review of the Scientific Literature as It Pertains to Gulf War Illness, Volume VI: Oil Fires," MR-1018-OSD, prepared for the Office of the Special Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, 1998.

[180] The RAND Corporation, "Oil Fires: A Review of the Scientific Literature as It Pertains to Gulf War Illness, Volume VI: Oil Fires," MR-1018-OSD, prepared for the Office of the Special Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, 1998, p. xv.

[181] The RAND Corporation, "Oil Fires: A Review of the Scientific Literature as It Pertains to Gulf War Illness, Volume VI: Oil Fires," MR-1018-OSD, prepared for the Office of the Special Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Tables 2.8 (p. 22) and 2.11 (p. 29), both derived from the US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report-Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, and the US EPA NAAQS and ACGIH standards referenced previously.

[182] Source: The primary source of data contained in this table is US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, and the US EPA NAAQS and ACGIH standards referenced previously. Notes: (1) National Ambient Air Quality Standards; (2) standard is a 1-hour average; (3) standard is an annual mean; (4) standard is a 24-hour average; (5) standard is a mean for a calendar quarter; and, (6) Threshold Limit Value (time-weighted-average over 8 hours).

[183] The RAND Corporation, "Oil Fires: A Review of the Scientific Literature as It Pertains to Gulf War Illness, Volume VI: Oil Fires," MR-1018-OSD, prepared for the Office of the Special Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, 1998, p. 60.

[184] Al-Shatti, A.K.S., "Introduction to Kuwait," The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires, eds. Al-Shatti, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington, Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham, October 1991, p. 5.

[185] Al-Shatti, A.K.S., "Introduction to Kuwait," The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires, eds. Al-Shatti, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington, Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham, October 1991, p. 5.

[186] Ayres, J.G., "Potential Respiratory Effects of the Kuwaiti Oil Fires on the Population of Kuwait," The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires, eds. Al-Shatti, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington, Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham, October 1991, p. 57.

[187] National Center for Health Statistics - Quarterly Fact Sheet, December 1996, and US Dept. of Commerce 1990 Census data - C90STFIC Database.

[188] Ayres, J.G., "Potential Respiratory Effects of the Kuwaiti Oil Fires on the Population of Kuwait," The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires, eds. Al-Shatti, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington, Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham, October 1991, p. 57.

[189] Al-Shatti, A.K.S., "Introduction to Kuwait," The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires, eds. Al-Shatti, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington, Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham. October 1991, p. 5.

[190] The RAND Corporation, "Oil Fires: A Review of the Scientific Literature as It Pertains to Gulf War Illness, Volume VI: Oil Fires," MR-1018-OSD, Prepared for the Office of the Special Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, 1998, p. 54-55.

[191] The RAND Corporation, "Oil Fires: A Review of the Scientific Literature as It Pertains to Gulf War Illness, Volume VI: Oil Fires," MR-1018-OSD, Prepared for the Office of the Special Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, 1998, p. 55.

[192] The Iowa Persian Gulf Study Group, "Self-Reported Illness and Health Status Among Gulf War Veterans," JAMA 1997;277:238-245, p. 238.

[193] The RAND Corporation, "Oil Fires: A Review of the Scientific Literature as It Pertains to Gulf War Illness, Volume VI: Oil Fires," MR-1018-OSD, Prepared for the Office of the Special Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, 1998, p. 54.

[194] Macys, D.A., R.L. Carpenter, J.F. Risher, A. Vinegar, D.E. Dodd, and H.G. Wall, Results of a Workshop on Health Effects Related to Operation Desert Storm, Naval Medical Research Institute Report 92-04, February 1992, p. 2-2.

[195] Macys, D.A., R.L. Carpenter, J.F. Risher, A. Vinegar, D.E. Dodd, and H.G. Wall, Results of a Workshop on Health Effects Related to Operation Desert Storm, Naval Medical Research Institute Report 92-04, February 1992, p. 2-3.

[196] The RAND Corporation, "Oil Fires: A Review of the Scientific Literature as It Pertains to Gulf War Illness, Volume VI: Oil Fires," MR-1018-OSD, Prepared for the Office of the Special Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, 1998, p. 59-60.

[197] Lead sheet 16261, Personal communication with Dr. Gary Friedman, University of Texas, May 1997.

[198] Presidential Advisory Committee (PAC) on Gulf War Veteran's Illnesses: Final Report, US Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., December 1996, published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 121.

[199] Poirier, M.C., A. Weston, B. Schoket, H. Shamkhani, C. Pan, M.A. McDiarmid, B. G. Scott, D. P. Deeter, J.M. Heller, D. Jacobson-Kram, and N. Rothman, "Biomonitoring of United States Army soldiers Serving in Kuwait in 1991," Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 7:545-551, June 1998.

[200] Poirier, M.C., A. Weston, B. Schoket, H. Shamkhani, C. Pan, M.A. McDiarmid, B. G. Scott, D. P. Deeter, J.M. Heller, D. Jacobson-Kram, and N. Rothman, "Biomonitoring of United States Army soldiers Serving in Kuwait in 1991," Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 7:545-551, June 1998, p. 550.

[201] Etzel, R.A., and D.L. Ashley, "Volatile Organic Compounds in the Blood of Persons in Kuwait During the Oil Fires," International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 66:125-129, 1994.

[202] Lead sheets 16263,16304,16306,16307,16308, and 16310, Personal communications with fire-fighters, May 1997.

[203] Potential carcinogenic effects are presented as the probability that an individual will develop cancer over a lifetime of exposure. Sub-chronic (i.e., 14 days to 7 year exposures) non-carcinogenic effects represent the probability of attacks on cardio-pulmonary, renal, neurological, and reproductive systems. However, for non-carcinogenic effects the more conservative chronic toxicity values (7 years to life-time exposures) were often used because sub-chronic values were generally not available.

[204] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Vol. I: Human Health Evaluation Manual, Interim Final," EPA/540/1-89/002, December 1989.

[205] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-1192, February 1994.

[206] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. 1.

[207] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. 9.

[208] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment, Executive Summary, No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. 1.

[209] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment, Executive summary, No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. 1-2.

[210] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. 55.

[211] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. 1-2.

[212] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. 55.

[213] US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, "The Department of Defense Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment, (The Persian Gulf Veterans Registry)," September 1994.

[214] US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, "The Department of Defense Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment, (The Persian Gulf Veterans Registry)," September 1994, p. 2.

[215] US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Draft Final Report - Environmental Surveillance Health Risk Assessment, Kuwait Oil Fires, April 1998.

[216] Toxicity factors are based on human and animal studies typically conducted in the laboratory; however, toxicity factors have not been developed for all pollutants.

[217] Personal communication with Dr. Jack Heller, USACHPPM, April 24, 2000.

[218] Lead sheet 18417, Personal communication with Jack Heller, August 4, 1998.

[219] US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Draft Final Report - Environmental Surveillance Health Risk Assessment, Kuwait Oil Fires, April 1998, p. 79.

[220] Figures 23 and 24 use scientific notation to present the range of calculated risk levels for troop units in the CURR database. Scientific notation allows for a more simplified or abbreviated presentation of an otherwise large number. For example, a cancer risk level of 1.00E-06 (0.000001) represents an estimated occurrence of 1 excess cancer occurring in a population of 1 million people; a cancer risk level of 1.00E-08 (0.00000001) represents an estimated occurrence of 1 excess cancer occurring in a population 100 million people; and so on. Non-cancer disease risks are expressed differently and represent a value greater than or less than 1.0, which is the US EPA non-cancer disease risk standard. For example, a non-cancer disease risk of 1.00E-01 (0.1) is 10 times smaller than 1.0 and therefore represents a reduced risk. A non-cancer disease risk level that exceeds 1.0, for example 0.15E+01 (1.5), indicates that there may be cause for concern and that some further action in the form of medical or an environmental response may be required to reduce or limit the health threat.

[221] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, Environmental Exposure Report - Particulate Matter, June 2000, p. 20-21, www.gulflink.health.mil.

[222] GAO Report B-246677, January 9, 1992, p. 1

[223] Husain, T., Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives, 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 45.

[224] US Embassy, Kuwait, message, Subject: "Press Statement on Oil Well Firefighting," 030912Z APR 91.

[225] Husain, T., Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives, 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 67.

[226] US Embassy, Kuwait, message, Subject: "Press Statement on Oil Well Firefighting," 030912Z APR 91.

[227] US Embassy, Kuwait, message, Subject: "Press Statement on Oil Well Firefighting," 030912Z APR 91.

[228] "Kuwait - The Blowouts are History," World Oil, January 1992, p. 36.

[229] Husain, T., Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives, 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 48.

[230] Husain, T., Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives, 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 48.

[231] US Embassy, Kuwait, message, Subject: "Kuwait Air Quality Update," 111036Z OCT 91.

[232] Husain, T., Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives, 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 48.

[233] Husain, T., Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives, 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 48.

[234] Husain, T., Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives, 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 51.

[235] US Embassy, Kuwait, message, "Press Statement on Oil Well Firefighting," 030912Z APR 91.

[236] Kuwait Oil Company, Production Operations Department, "Oil Wells Survey Data," Kuwait, 1991.

[237] US Embassy Kuwait, memorandum, "Overview of Current Business Conditions in Kuwait," December 26, 1991, p. 2.

[238] Husain, T., Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives, 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 68.

[239] "The United Nations and the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict 1990-1996," The United Nations Blue Books Series, Vol. IX, 1996, p. 38.

[240] "The United Nations and the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict 1990-1996," The United Nations Blue Books Series, Vol. IX, 1996, p. 38.

[241] Husain, T., Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives, 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 70.

[242] Al-Shatti, A.K.S, "Introduction to Kuwait," The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires, eds. Al-Shatti, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington, Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham, October 1991, p. 1.

[243] Al-Shatti, A.K.S, "Introduction to Kuwait," The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires, eds. Al-Shatti, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington, Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham, October 1991, p. 1.

[244] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Interim: Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-L192-91, June 1991, p. 9.

[245] Al-Shatti, A.K.S., "Introduction to Kuwait," The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires, eds. Al-Shatti, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington, Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham, October 1991, p. 1.

[246] Al-Shatti, A.K.S., "Introduction to Kuwait," The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires, eds. Al-Shatti, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington, Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham, October 1991, p. 1.

[247] Al-Shatti, A.K.S., "Introduction to Kuwait," The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires, eds. Al-Shatti, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington, Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham. October 1991, p. 1.

[248] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Interim: Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment, No. 39-26-L192-91, June 1991, p. B-7.

[249] Al-Shatti, A.K.S., "Introduction to Kuwait," The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires, eds. Al-Shatti, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington, Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham, October 1991, p. 3.

[250] USACHPPM, September 1997.

[251] Foreign Science and Technology Center, Applied Technologies Branch, "Kuwait: Serious Oil Fire, Gas and Smoke Dangers," AST-226OZ-148-90, January 1991, p. 12. 

[252] Foreign Science and Technology Center, Applied Technologies Branch, "Kuwait: Serious Oil Fire, Gas and Smoke Dangers," AST-226OZ-148-90, January 1991, p. 12. 

[253] Foreign Science and Technology Center, Applied Technologies Branch, "Kuwait: Serious Oil Fire, Gas and Smoke Dangers," AST-226OZ-148-90, January 1991, p. 13. 

[254] Sharratt, M. and M. Butler, "Toxicological Effect of Oil Smoke," The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires, Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham, October 1991, p. 51.

[255] Ferek, R.J., P.V. Hobbs, J.A. Herring, and K.K. Laursen, "Chemical Composition of Emissions from the Kuwait Oil Fires," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, 1992, p. 14,483.

[256] United Nations Department of Public Information, Kuwait - Report to the Secretary-General on the Scope and Nature of Damage Inflicted on the Kuwaiti Infrastructure During the Iraqi Occupation, 1991, p. 15.

[257] United Nations Department of Public Information, Kuwait - Report to the Secretary-General on the Scope and Nature of Damage Inflicted on the Kuwaiti Infrastructure During the Iraqi Occupation, 1991, p. 15.

[258] United Nations Department of Public Information, Kuwait - Report to the Secretary-General on the Scope and Nature of Damage Inflicted on the Kuwaiti Infrastructure During the Iraqi Occupation, 1991, p. 15.

[259] United Nations Department of Public Information, Kuwait - Report to the Secretary-General on the Scope and Nature of Damage Inflicted on the Kuwaiti Infrastructure During the Iraqi Occupation, 1991, p. 15.

[260] United Nations Department of Public Information, Kuwait - Report to the Secretary-General on the Scope and Nature of Damage Inflicted on the Kuwaiti Infrastructure During the Iraqi Occupation, 1991, p. 19.

[261] Husain, T., Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives, 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 86.

[262] United Nations Department of Public Information, Kuwait - Report to the Secretary-General on the Scope and Nature of Damage Inflicted on the Kuwaiti Infrastructure During the Iraqi Occupation, 1991, p. 20.

[263] United Nations Department of Public Information, Kuwait - Report to the Secretary-General on the Scope and Nature of Damage Inflicted on the Kuwaiti Infrastructure During the Iraqi Occupation, 1991, p. 22.

[264] United Nations Department of Public Information, Kuwait - Report to the Secretary-General on the Scope and Nature of Damage Inflicted on the Kuwaiti Infrastructure During the Iraqi Occupation, 1991, p. 22.

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