D. TOXICITY ASSESSMENT

1. Introduction

The purpose of the toxicity assessment is to weigh available evidence regarding the potential for particular pesticide active ingredients to cause adverse health effects, and to provide an estimate of the relationship between exposure and the increased likelihood and severity of adverse health effects.[406] The EPA has conducted toxicity assessments on most of the pesticide active ingredients found in the pesticides of potential concern (POPCs). Toxicity assessment consists of two steps: hazard identification and dose-response evaluation.

The HRA toxicity assessment was prepared based on the latest information available at the time; however, new information is released on an ongoing basis, which may impact the reliability of some aspects of this report. At the time the toxicity assessment was prepared, EPA’s Office of Pesticide Programs OPP) was devoting vast resources to compliance with provisions of the 1996 Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA). Under this Act, OPP is re-evaluating the registration of many pesticide products, assigning the highest priorities to organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates. As a result, OPP is frequently issuing new information on OPs and carbamates.

2. Hazard Identification

Hazard identification is the process of determining whether exposure to an agent can cause an adverse health effect and whether the adverse health effect is likely to occur in humans. An "adverse" health effect is an indication of unequivocal impairment of health. Adverse health effects may be frank effects and/or laboratory measurements. All the active ingredients in the POPCs have potential adverse health effects in humans by at least one exposure route, as indicated in the human or animal studies listed in Tables 92 through 103. Note that the "critical effects" listed in the tables all indicate a potential for adverse health effects, although not all are adverse health effects per se. Although the critical effects listed in the tables are experimental endpoints, based mainly on animal studies, the EPA has determined that these effects are relevant to, and probably occur in, humans. Additional information regarding the hazard identification of the POPCs may be found in the documents cited in the tables, and in the RAND Literature Review.[407]

Table 92. Oral toxicity values - acute/subacute exposure; noncarcinogenic effectsa

CAS No. Active
Ingredient
 Descriptionb
 Valuec
(mg/kg/day)
 Source Additional Basis
and/or Comment
 Critical Effect Test Species
134-62-3

DEET

NOEL -

-

extrapolation inappropriate

-

-
RfD - extrapolation inappropriate
52645-53-1 Permethrin NOEL 2.50E+01 EPA[408] - weight loss, temperature, aggression, abnormal motor activity rat
RFD 2.50E-01* NOEL x 1/100
26002-80-2 d-Phenothrin NOEL 7.10E+00* - chronic NOEL liver enlargement; hepatocellular effects dog
RFD 7.10E-02* chronic NOEL x 1/100
35575-96-3 Azamethiphos NOEL 3.00E-01* - subchronic NOEL cholinergic poisoning effects rat
RFD 3.00E-03* subchronic NOEL x 1/100
16752-77-5 Methomyl NOEL 6.00E+00 EPA[409] - 1-3 day mortality; neurotoxicity rabbit
RFD 2.00E-02 NOEL x 1/300
62-73-7 Dichlorvos NOAEL 5.00E-01 EPA[410] - single dose neurotoxicity rat
RFD 2.00E-03 NOAEL x 1/300
2921-88-2 Chlorpyrifos NOAEL 5.00E-01 EPA[411] - plasma cholinesterase inhibition rat
RFD 5.00E-03 NOAEL x 1/100
333-41-5 Diazinon NOAEL 2.50E-01 EPA[412] - plasma cholinesterase inhibition rat
RFD 2.50E-03 NOAEL x 1/100
121-75-5 Malathion NOEL 5.00E+01 EPA[413] - maternal toxicity exhibited rabbit
RFD 5.00E-01 NOEL x 1/100
114-26-1 Propoxur LOEL 1.50E-01 EPA[414] - blurred vision, nausea, sweating, increased blood pressure, vomiting, and 40% red blood cell cholinesterase inhibition human
RFD 5.00E-03 LOEL x 1/30
22781-23-3 Bendiocarb NOEL 1.25E-01 EPA[415] - whole blood cholinesterase inhibition rat
RFD 4.16E-04 NOEL x 1/300
58-89-9 Lindane NOEL 6.00E+00 EPA[416] - Increased grip strength; increased motor activity rat
RFD 6.00E-02 NOEL x 1/100
a)

A dash (-) indicates one or more of the following apply: that no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were reported, or extrapolation was not done.

b)

NOEL = no-observed-effect level, NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect level, LOEL = lowest-observed-effect level, RFD = reference dose.

c)

An asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published value as described in the source or under basis.

Table 93. Oral toxicity values - subchronic exposure; noncarcinogenic effectsa

CAS No. Active Ingredient Descrip-tionb Valuec (mg/kg/d) Sourced Additional Basis and/or Comment Critical Effecte Test Species
134-62-3 DEET NOEL - - extrapolation inappropriate - -
RFD - extrapolation inappropriate
52645-53-1 Permethrin NOEL 1.55E+01 EPA[417] - tremors and staggered gait; 13-week feeding study rat
RFD 1.55E-01* NOEL x 1/100
26002-80-2 d-Phenothrin NOEL 7.10E+00* O[418] chronic NOEL liver enlargement; hepatocellular effects dog
RFD 7.10E-02* chronic NOEL x 1/100
35575-96-3 Azamethiphos NOEL 3.00E-01 O[419] - blood cholinesterase inhibition; 13-week feeding dog
RFD 3.00E-03* NOEL x 1/100
16752-77-5 Methomyl NOEL 2.50E+00* EPA[420] chronic NOEL chronic histopathologic kidney lesions dog
RFD 8.33E-03* chronic RFD
62-73-7 Dichlorvos NOAEL 5.00E-02* EPA[421] chronic NOAEL plasma/RBC/brain cholinesterase inhibition dog
RFD 5.00E-04* chronic RFD
2921-88-2 Chlorpyrifos NOAEL 2.50E-02 EPA[422] - plasma inhibition at low doses and higher doses exhibited increased brain and heart weight, adrenal gland effects and decreased body weight gain rat
RFD 2.50E-04 NOAEL x 1/100
333-41-5 Diazinon NOAEL 2.00E-02* EPA[423] chronic NOAEL pattern of no adverse effects on cholinesterase inhibition dog
RFD 2.00E-04* chronic RFD
121-75-5 Malathion NOAEL 2.40E+00* EPA[424] chronic NOAEL inhibition of RBC cholinesterase activity rat
RFD 2.46E+00* chronic RFD
114-26-1 Propoxur NOEL 2.46E+00* EPA[425] chronic NOEL elevated mean cholesterol level dog
RFD 2.46E-02* based on chronic NOEL
22781-23-3 Bendiocarb NOAEL 1.25E-01 EPA[426] - whole blood cholinesterase inhibition rat
RFD 4.16E-04 NOAEL x 1/300
58-89-9 Lindane NOEL 6.00E+00 EPA[427] - Increased grip strength; increased motor activity rat
RFD 6.00E-02* NOEL x 1/100
a)

A dash (-) indicates one or more of the following apply: that no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were reported, or extrapolation was not done.

b)

NOEL = no-observed-effect level, NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect level, LOEL = lowest-observed-effect level, RFD = reference dose.

c)

An asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published value as described in the source or under basis.

d) "O" = other.
e) RBC = red blood cell.

Table 94. Oral toxicity values - chronic exposure; noncarcinogenic effectsa
CAS No. Active

Ingredient

Descriptionb Valuec

(mg/kg/d)

Sourced Additional Basis

and/or Comment

Critical Effecte Test

Species

134-62-3 DEET NOEL

1.00E+02

EPA[428] - decrease food consumption, body weight, 1-year study dog
RfD

1.00E+00*

NOEL x 1/100
52645-53-1 Permethrin NOEL

5.00E+00

EPA[429] - increased liver weight rat/ mouse
RfD

5.00E-02

NOEL x 1/100
26002-80-2 d-Phenothrin NOEL

7.10E+00

O[430] - liver enlargement; hepatocellular effects dog
RfD

7.10E-02*

NOEL x 1/100
35575-96-3 Azamethiphos NOEL

2.50E-01

O[431] - blood cholinesterase inhibition, 1 year study dog
RfD

2.50E-03

NOEL x 1/100
16752-77-5 Methomyl NOEL

2.50E+00

EPA[432] - chronic histopathologic kidney lesions dog
RfD

8.33E-03

NOEL x 1/300
62-73-7 Dichlorvos NOAEL

5.00E-02

EPA[433] - plasma/RBC/brain cholinesterase inhibition dog
RfD

5.00E-04

NOAEL x 1/100
2921-88-2 Chlorpyrifos NOAEL

3.00E-02

EPA[434] - significant plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase inhibition dog
RfD

3.00E-04

NOAEL x 1/100
333-41-5 Diazinon NOAEL

2.00E-02

EPA[435] - cholinesterase inhibition dog/rat
RfD

2.00E-04

NOAEL x 1/100
121-75-5 Malathion NOAEL

2.40E+00

EPA[436] - inhibition of RBC cholinesterase activity rat
RfD

2.40E-02

NOAEL x 1/100
114-26-1 Propoxur NOEL

2.46E+00

EPA[437] - elevated mean cholesterol level dog
RfD

2.46E-02*

NOEL x 1/100
22781-23-3 Bendiocarb NOAEL

1.25E-01

EPA[438] - whole blood cholinesterase inhibition rat
RfD

4.16E-04

NOAEL x 1/300
58-89-9 Lindane NOEL

4.70E-01

EPA[439] - liver and spleen effects; increased platelets; chronic feeding study rat
RfD

4.70E-03

NOEL x 1/100
a)

A dash (-) indicates one or more of the following apply: that no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were reported, or extrapolation was not done.

b)

NOEL = no-observed-effect level, NOAEL = no-observed-adverse effect level, LOEL = lowest-observed-effect level, RfD = reference dose.

c)

An asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published value as described in the source or under basis.

d) "O" = other.
e) RBC = red blood cell.


Table 95. Dermal toxicity values - acute/subacute exposure; noncarcinogenic effectsa

CAS No. Active Ingredient Descriptionb Valuec (mg/kg/d)

Oral Absorption Factord

Sourcee

Additional Basis and/or Comment Critical Effect Test Species
134-62-3 DEET NOEL - - - extrapolation inappropriate - -
RfD - extrapolation inappropriate
52645-53-1 Permethrin NOAEL

4.30E+02

- O[440] - mild skin irritation to no-effect human
RfD

4.30E+01 *

NOEL x 1/10
26002-80-2 d-Phenothrin NOEL

4.97E+00*

0.70 - chronic oral NOEL x OAF - -
RfD

4.97E-02 *

chronic oral NOEL x OAF x 1/100
35575-96-3 Azamethiphos LOEL

2.00E+01*

- O[441] subchronic LOEL cholinergic effects; 21-day percutaneous study rabbit
RfD

2.00E-02 *

based on subchronic LOEL
16752-77-5 Methomyl NOEL

9.00E+01

- EPA[442] - no cholinesterase inhibition; 21-day dermal rat
RfD

9.00E-01

NOEL x 1/100
62-73-7 Dichlorvos NOAEL

6.50E-02*

0.65 EPA[443] acute oral NOAEL x OAF cholinergic signs and weight loss; oral developmental study rabbit
RfD

6.50E-04 *

acute oral RfD x OAF
2921-88-2 Chlorpyrifos NOAEL

5.00E+00

- EPA[444] - plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase inhibition; 4-day dermal rat
RfD

5.00E-02

NOAEL x 1/100
333-41-5 Diazinon NOAEL

2.13E-01 *

0.85 EPA[445] acute oral NOAEL x OAF plasma cholinesterase inhibition; oral acute neurotoxicity rat
RfD

2.13E-03 *

acute oral RfD x OAF
121-75-5 Malathion NOEL

5.00E+01

- EPA[446] - inhibition of plasma, red blood cell, and brain cholinesterase activity; 21-day dermal rabbit
RfD

5.00E-01

NOEL x 1/100
114-26-1 Propoxur NOEL

1.00E+03

- EPA[447] - lack of toxic effects; 1 to 7-day dermal rabbit
RfD

1.00E+01*

NOEL x 1/100
22781-23-3 Bendiocarb NOEL

5.00E+01

- EPA[448] - whole blood cholinesterase inhibition;
21-day dermal
 rat
RfD

1.66E-01

EPA[449] NOEL x 1/300
58-89-9 Lindane NOEL

5.94E+00 *

0.99 - acute oral NOEL x OAF Increased grip strength; increased motor activity rat
RfD

5.92E-02 *

acute oral RfD x OAF
a)

A dash (-) indicates one or more of the following apply: that no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were reported, or extrapolation was not done.

b)

NOEL = no-observed-effect level, NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect level, LOEL = lowest-observed-effect level, RfD = reference dose.

c)

An asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published value as described in the source or under basis.

d) Oral absorption factors (OAFs) from Table 105. Used if the dermal value is derived from an oral value. If so, the dermal value = the oral toxicity value x OAF.
e) "O" = other.



Table 96. Dermal toxicity values - subchronic exposure; noncarcinogenic effectsa
CAS No. Active Ingredient Descriptionb Valuec (mg/kg/d) AbsorptionFactord Sourcee Additional Basis and/or Comment Critical Effectf Test Species
134-62-3 DEET NOEL - - - extrapolation inappropriate - -
  - extrapolation inappropriate
52645-53-1 Permethrin NOEL

1.09E+01*

0.70 EPA[450] subchronic oral NOEL x OAF - -
RfD

1.09E-01 *

subchronic oral NOEL x OAF x 1/100
26002-80-2 d-Phenothrin NOEL

4.97E+00 *

0.70 - chronic oral NOEL x OAF - -
RfD

4.97E-02 *

chronic oral NOEL x OAF x 1/100
35575-96-3 Azamethiphos LOEL

2.00E+01

- O[451] - cholinergic effects, 21-day percutaneous study rabbit
RfD

2.00E-02 *

LOEL x 1/1,000
16752-77-5 Methomyl NOEL

9.00E+01

- EPA[452] - no cholinesterase inhibition; 21-day dermal rat
RfD

9.00E-01

NOEL x 1/100
62-73-7 Dichlorvos NOAEL

3.25E-02*

0.65 EPA[453] chronic oral NOAEL x OAF blood cholinesterase inhibition; 13 wk measurement in a 1-year oral study dog
RfD

3.25E-04*

chronic oral RfD x OAF
2921-88-2 Chlorpyrifos NOAEL

2.70E-02*

0.9 EPA[454] chronic oral NOAEL x OAF significant plasma and RBC cholinesterase inhibition; 85 to 93-day to 2-year oral dog
RfD

2.70E-04 *

chronic oral RfD x OAF
333-41-5 Diazinon NOAEL

1.70E-02 *

0.85 EPA[455] chronic oral NOAEL x OAF plasma cholinesterase inhibition; 90-day and 1-year oral dog
RfD

1.70E-04*

chronic oral RfD x OAF
121-75-5 Malathion NOEL

5.00E+01

- EPA[456] - inhibition of plasma, RBC and brain cholinesterase activity; 21-day dermal rabbit
RfD

5.00E-01

NOEL x 1/100
114-26-1 Propoxur NOEL

1.00E+03

- EPA[457] - lack of toxic effects; 1-week to several months dermal rabbit
RfD

1.00E+01*

NOEL x 1/100
22781-23-3 Bendiocarb NOEL

5.00E+01

- EPA[458] - whole blood cholinesterase inhibition; 1-week to several months dermal rat
RfD

5.00E-02

NOEL x 1/1,000
58-89-9 Lindane NOEL

5.94E+00*

0.99 - acute oral NOEL x OAF Increased grip strength; increased motor activity -

RfD

5.92E-02*

Acute oral RfD x OAF
a)

A dash (-) indicates one or more of the following apply: that no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were reported, or extrapolation was not done.

b) NOEL = no-observed-effect level, NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect level, LOEL = lowest-observed-effect level, RfD = reference dose.
c) An asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published value as described in the source or under basis.
d) Oral absorption factors (OAFs) from Table 105. Used if the dermal value is derived from an oral value. If so, the dermal value = the oral toxicity value x OAF.
e) "O" = other.
f) RBC = red blood cell.


Table 97. Dermal toxicity values - chronic exposure; noncarcinogenic effectsa
CAS No. Active Ingredient Descrip-tionb Valuec (mg/kg/d)

Absorption Factord

Sourcee

Additional Basis and/or Comment Critical Effectf Test Species
134-62-3 DEET NOEL - - - extrapolation inappropriate - -
RfD - extrapolation inappropriate
52645-53-1 Permethrin NOEL

3.50E+00

0.70 - chronic oral NOEL x OAF - -
RfD

3.50E-02

chronic oral RfD x OAF
26002-80-2 d-Phenothrin NOEL

4.97E+00

0.70 - chronic oral NOEL x OAF - -
RfD

4.97E-02

chronic oral NOEL x OAF x 1/100
35575-96-3 Azamethiphos NOEL

2.50E-01

1.00 - chronic oral NOEL x OAF - -
RfD

2.50E-03

chronic oral RfD x OAF
16752-77-5 Methomyl NOEL

2.35E+00

0.94 - chronic oral NOEL x OAF - -
RfD

7.83E-03

chronic oral RfD x OAF
62-73-7 Dichlorvos NOAEL

3.25E-02

0.65 EPA[459] chronic oral NOAEL x OAF plasma and RBC cholinesterase inhibition in both sexes and brain cholinesterase inhibition in males -
RfD

3.25E-04

chronic oral RfD x OAF
2921-88-2 Chlorpyrifos NOAEL

2.70E-02

0.90 EPA[460] chronic oral NOAEL x OAF significant plasma and RBC cholinesterase inhibition; 85 to 93-days to 2-year oral dog
RfD

2.70E-04

chronic oral RfD x OAF
333-41-5 Diazinon NOAEL

1.70E-02

0.80 EPA[461] chronic oral NOAEL x OAF no adverse effects on cholinesterase inhibition; 2-year oral rat
RfD

1.70E-04

chronic oral RfD x OAF
121-75-5 Malathion NOEL

4.00E+00

- EPA[462] - inhibition of plasma cholinesterase activity; combined 42-day dermal rat
RfD

4.00E-02

NOEL x 1/100
114-26-1 Propoxur NOEL

1.00E+03

- EPA[463] - lack of toxic effects; several months to lifetime rabbit
RfD

1.00E+01

NOEL x 1/100
22781-23-3 Bendiocarb NOEL

1.25E-01

- EPA[464] - whole blood cholinesterase inhibition; >several months rat
RfD

4.17E-04

 
58-89-9 Lindane NOEL - - - data unavailable; no chronic - -
RfD - exposure
a)

A dash (-) indicates one or more of the following apply: that no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were reported, or extrapolation was not done.

b)

NOEL = no-observed-effect level, NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect level, LOEL = lowest-observed-effect level, RfD = reference dose.

c) An asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published value as described in the source or under basis.
d) Oral absorption factors (OAFs) from Table 105. Used if the dermal value is derived from an oral value. If so, the dermal value = the oral toxicity value x OAF.
e) "O" = other.
f) RBC = red blood cell.


Table 98. Inhalation toxicity values - acute/subacute exposure; noncarcinogenic effectsa

CAS No.

Active Ingredient

Descrip-tionb

Valuec

Units

Sourced

Additional Basis and/or Comment

Critical Effecte

Test Species

134-62-3 DEET

NOEL

–

–

–

extrapolation inappropriate

–

–

RfD

–

–

extrapolation inappropriate
52645-53-1 Permethrin

NOEL

2.50E+01*

mg/kg/d

–

acute oral NOEL

–

–

RfD

2.50E-01*

mg/kg/d acute oral NOEL x 1/100
26002-80-2 d-Phenothrin

NOEL

7.10E+00*

mg/kg/d

–

chronic oral NOEL

–

–

RfD

7.10E-02*

mg/kg/d chronic oral NOEL x 1/100
35575-96-3 Azamethiphos

NOEL

3.00E-01*

mg/kg/d

–

subchronic oral NOEL

–

–

RfD

3.00E-03*

mg/kg/d subchronic oral NOEL x 1/100
16752-77-5 Methomyl

NOEL

1.37E-01

mg/L

EPA[465]

value for all exposure durations clinical signs of neurotoxicity/acute

rat

RfD

1.30E-01*

mg/kg/d NOEL converted to mg/kg/d x 1/300
62-73-7 Dichlorvos

NOAEL

1.00E-01

mg/kg/d

EPA[466]

–

cholinergic effects (oral); developmental study

rabbit

RfD

1.00E-03*

mg/kg/d NOAEL x 1/100
2921-88-2 Chlorpyrifos

NOAEL

1.00E-01

mg/kg/d

EPA[467]

–

plasma and RBC cholinesterase inhibition

rat

RfD

1.00E-03*

mg/kg/d NOAEL x 1/100
333-41-5 Diazinon

NOAEL

2.60E-02

mg/kg/d EPA[468]

 

–

plasma cholinesterase inhibition

rat

RfD

8.60E-05

mg/kg/d NOAEL x 1/300
121-75-5 Malathion

LOEL

1.00E-01

mg/L EPA[469]

 

–

inhib. plasma, RBC cholinesterase; histopathology in respiratory epithelium

rat

RfD

2.80E-01

mg/kg/d LOEL converted to mg/kg/d x 1/100
114-26-1 Propoxur

NOEL

2.20E+00

mg/L EPA[470]

 

–

significant plasma, RBC, and cholinesterase inhibition

rabbit

RfD

6.28E+00*

mg/kg/d NOEL converted to mg/kg/d x 1/100
22781-23-3 Bendiocarb

NOEL

1.80E-04*

mg/L

–

chronic NOEL whole blood cholinesterase inhibition

rat

RfD

1.70E-04*

mg/kg/d chronic RfD
58-89-9 Lindane

NOEL

1.30E-01*

mg/kg/d EPA[471]

 

–

Diarrhea, piloerection seen at day 14 and continuing 20 days

rat

a) A dash (-) indicates one or more of the following apply: that no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were reported, or extrapolation was not done.
b) NOEL = no-observed-effect level, NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect level, LOEL = lowest-observed-effect level, RfD = reference dose.
c) An asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published value as described in the source or under basis.
d) "O" = other.
e) RBC = red blood cell.

Table 99. Inhalation toxicity values - subchronic exposure; noncarcinogenic effectsa

CAS No. Active Ingredient Descrip-tionb

Valuec

Units Sourced Additional Basis and/or Comment Critical Effecte Test Species
134-62-3
DEET
 NOEL - - - extrapolation inappropriate - -
RfD - - extrapolation inappropriate
52645-53-1
Permethrin
 NOEL

1.55E+01*

mg/kg/d - subchronic oral NOEL - -
RfD

1.55E-01 *

mg/kg/d subchronic oral NOEL x 1/100
26002-80-2
d-Phenothrin
 NOEL

7.10E+00 *

mg/kg/d - chronic oral NOEL - -
RfD

7.10E-02*

mg/kg/d chronic oral NOEL x 1/100
35575-96-3
Azamethiphos
 NOEL

3.00E-01 *

mg/kg/d - subchronic oral NOEL - -
RfD

3.00E-03 *

mg/kg/d subchronic oral NOEL x 1/100
16752-77-5
Methomyl
 NOEL

1.37E-01

mg/L EPA[472] value for all exposure durations clinical signs of neurotoxicity/acute rat
RfD

1.30E-01 *

mg/kg/d NOEL converted to mg/kg/d x 1/300
62-73-7
Dichlorvos
 NOAEL

5.00E-02

mg/kg/d EPA[473] - plasma/blood cholinesterase inhib.; 13 wk measurement in 1 year oral dog
RfD

5.00E-04 *

mg/kg/d NOAEL x 1/100
2921-88-2
Chlorpyrifos
 NOAEL

1.00E-01

mg/kg/d EPA[474] - plasma and RBC cholinesterase inhibition rat
RfD

1.00E-03 *

mg/kg/d NOAEL x 1/100
333-41-5
Diazinon
 NOAEL

2.60E-02

mg/kg/d EPA[475] - plasma cholinesterase inhibition rat
RfD

8.60E-05

mg/kg/d NOAEL x 1/300
121-75-5
Malathion
 LOEL

1.00E-01

mg/L EPA[476] - inhib. Plasma/RBC cholinesterase; histopathology in respiratory epithelium rat
RfD

9.50E-02

mg/kg/d LOEL converted to mg/kg/d x 1/300
114-26-1
Propoxur
 NOEL

2.20E+00

mg/L EPA[477] - significant plasma, RBC, and brain cholinesterase inhibition rabbit
RfD

6.28E+00*

mg/kg/d NOEL converted to mg/kg/d x 1/100
22781-23-3
Bendiocarb
 NOEL

1.80E-04 *

mg/L - chronic NOEL whole blood cholinesterase inhibition rat
RfD

1.70E-04*

mg/kg/d chronic RfD
58-89-9
Lindane
 NOEL

1.30E-01*

mg/kg/d EPA[478] - Increased kidney weights of female rats; bone marrow effects rats
RfD 1.30E-03* mg/kg/d NOEL x 1/100
a) A dash (-) indicates one or more of the following apply: that no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were reported, or extrapolation was not done.
b) NOEL = no-observed-effect level, NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect level, LOEL = lowest-observed-effect level, RfD = reference dose.
c) An asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published value as described in the source or under basis.
d) "O" = other.
e) RBC = red blood cell.



Table 100. Inhalation toxicity values - chronic exposure; noncarcinogenic effectsa
CAS No. Active Ingredient Descrip-tionb

Valuec

Units Sourced Additional Basis and/or Comment Critical Effect Test Species
134-62-3 DEET NOEL - - - extrapolation inappropriate - -
RfD - - extrapolation inappropriate
52645-53-1 Permethrin NOAEL

5.00E+00

mg/kg/d - oral chronic NOAEL - -
RfD

5.00E-02

mg/kg/d oral chronic NOAEL x 1/100
26002-80-2 d-Phenothrin NOEL

7.10E+00

mg/kg/d - oral chronic NOEL - -
RfD

7.10E-02

mg/kg/d oral chronic NOEL x 1/100
35575-96-3 Azamethiphos NOEL

2.50E-01

mg/kg/d - oral chronic NOEL - -
RfD

2.50E-03

mg/kg/d oral chronic NOEL x 1/100
16752-77-5 Methomyl NOEL

1.37E-01

mg/L EPA[479] value for all exposure durations clinical signs of neurotoxicity/acute rat
RfD

1.30E-01

mg/kg/d NOEL converted to mg/kg/d x 1/300
62-73-7 Dichlorvos NOAEL

5.00E-05

mg/L EPA[480] - blood, plasma and brain cholinesterase inhibition; 2 year inhalation study rat
RfD

4.80E-05

mg/kg/d NOAEL converted to mg/kg/d x 1/300
2921-88-2 Chlorpyrifos NOAEL

3.00E-02

mg/kg/d EPA[481] - plasma and RBC cholinesterase inhibition dog
RfD

3.00E-04

mg/kg/d NOAEL x 1/100
333-41-5 Diazinon NOAEL

2.60E-02

mg/kg/d EPA[482] - plasma cholinesterase inhibition rat
RfD

8.60E-05

mg/kg/d NOAEL x 1/300
121-75-5 Malathion LOEL

1.00E-01

mg/L EPA[483] - inhib. Plasma, RBC cholinesterase activity; histopathology in respiratory epithelium rat
RfD

9.50E-02

mg/kg/d LOEL converted to mg/kg/d x 1/300
114-26-1 Propoxur NOEL

2.20E+00

mg/L EPA[484] - significant plasma, RBC, and brain cholinesterase inhibition rabbit
RfD

6.28E+00

mg/kg/d NOEL x 1/100
22781-23-3 Bendiocarb NOEL

1.80E-04

mg/L EPA[485] - whole blood cholinesterase inhibition rat
RfD

1.70E-04

mg/kg/d NOEL converted to mg/kg/d x 1/300
58-89-9 Lindane NOEL - - - no chronic exposure - -
RfD - - no chronic exposure
a)

A dash (-) indicates one or more of the following apply: that no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were reported, or extrapolation was not done.
b)

NOEL = no-observed-effect level, NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect level, LOEL = lowest-observed-effect level, RfD = reference dose.
c) An asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published value as described in the source or under basis.
d) "O" = other.
e) RBC = red blood cell.

 

Table 101. Oral slope factors; carcinogenic effectsa

CAS No. Active Ingredient Group

Valueb (mg/kg/d)-1

Source Additional Basis and/or Comment Target Organ (Tumor Type) Test Species
134-62-3 DEET D - EPA[486] - not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity rats/mice
52645-53-1 Permethrin - 1.60E-02 Other[487] - lung and liver adenocarcinomas mice
26002-80-2 d-Phenothrin - - - data unavailable - -
35575-96-3 Azamethiphos - - Other[488] - evidence of noncarcinogenicity rats/mice
16752-77-5 Methomyl E - EPA[489] - not likely carcinogenic to humans not specified
62-73-7 Dichlorvos - - EPA[490] no quantitative assessment of cancer risk is required suggestive carcinogen -
2921-88-2 Chlorpyrifos - - EPA[491] - no evidence rats/mice
333-41-5 Diazinon - - EPA[492] - not likely rats/mice
121-75-5 Malathion - - EPA[493] previous slope factor removed suggestive carcinogen; no slope factor -
114-26-1 Propoxur B 3.70E-03 EPA[494] - bladder tumor rat
22781-23-3 Bendiocarb E - EPA[495] - non-carcinogenic to humans rats/mice
58-89-9 Lindane - - EPA[496] previous slope factor removed suggestive carcinogen; no slope factor mice
a)
A dash (-) indicates one or more of the following apply: that no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were reported, or extrapolation
b)

An asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published value as described in the source or under basis


Table 102. Dermal slope factors; carcinogenic effectsa

CAS No. Active Ingredient Group

Valueb (mg/kg/d)-1

Oral Absorption Factorc Source Additional Basis and/or Comment Target Organ (Tumor Type) Test Species
134-62-3 DEET -

-

- - data unavailable (see oral) - -
52645-53-1 Permethrin -

2.30E-02

0.70 Other[497] - lung and liver adenocarcinomas mice
26002-80-2 d-Phenothrin -

-

- - data unavailable - -
35575-96-3 Azamethiphos -

-

- - data unavailable (see oral) - -
16752-77-5 Methomyl -

-

- - data unavailable (see oral) - -
62-73-7 Dichlorvos -

-

- EPA[498] no quantitative assessment of cancer risk is required suggestive carcinogen -
2921-88-2 Chlorpyrifos -

-

- EPA[499] - no evidence of carcinogenicity rats/mice
333-41-5 Diazinon -

-

- EPA[500] - carcinogenic activity not likely rats/mice
121-75-5 Malathion -

-

- - data unavailable (see oral) - -
114-26-1 Propoxur -

3.94E-03*

0.94 - oral slope factor x 1/OAF - -
22781-23-3 Bendiocarb -

-

- - data unavailable (see oral) - -
58-89-9 Lindane -

-

- - data unavailable (see oral) - -
a)
A dash (-) indicates one or more of the following apply: that no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were reported, or extrapolation was not done.
b)

An asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published value as described in the source or under basis.
c) Oral absorption factors (OAFs) from Table 105. Used if the dermal slope factor is derived from an oral slope factor. If so, the dermal slope factor = oral SF x 1/OAF.



Table 103. Inhalation slope factors; carcinogenic effectsa
CAS No. Active Ingredient Group

Valueb (mg/kg/d)-1

Source Additional Basis and/or Comment Target Organ (Tumor Type) Test Species
134-62-3 DEET - - - data unavailable (see oral) - -
52645-53-1 Permethrin - 1.60E-02* - oral slope factor - -
26002-80-2 d-Phenothrin - - - data unavailable - -
35575-96-3 Azamethiphos - - - data unavailable (see oral) - -
16752-77-5 Methomyl - - - data unavailable (see oral) - -
62-73-7 Dichlorvos - - - data unavailable (see oral) - -
2921-88-2 Chlorpyrifos - - - data unavailable (see oral) - -
333-41-5 Diazinon - - - data unavailable (see oral) - -
121-75-5 Malathion - - - data unavailable (see oral) - -
114-26-1 Propoxur - 3.70E-03* - oral slope factor - -
22781-23-3 Bendiocarb - - EPA[501] - carcinogenic activity not likely rats/mice
58-89-9 Lindane - - - data unavailable (see oral) - -
a)
A dash (-) indicates one or more of the following apply: that no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were reported, or extrapolation was not done.
b)

An asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published value as described in the source or under basis.

| First Page | Prev Page | Next Page |