APPENDIX D – References

APPENDIX D – References

Section I – Overview

Augerson, William S., 2000, MR-1018/5-OSD, A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 5: "Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Washington, DC: RAND Corporation.

Central Intelligence Agency, 1996, "CIA Report on Intelligence Related to Gulf War Illnesses," August 2, 1996.

Institute of Medicine, 2000, Gulf War and Health, Volume I: "Depleted Uranium, Pyridostigmine Bromide, Sarin, Vaccines," Washington, DC: National Academy Press, National Academy of Sciences.

National Research Council, 1994, Science and Judgement in Risk Assessment, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, Committee on Risk Assessment of Hazardous Air Pollutants.

Nudell, Carol L., Jimmy White, and Steven Brimhall, 1997, DPG-TP-97-041 "Abbreviated Test Plan for the Demolition Characterization Test of the 122-Millimeter Chemical-Fill Rocket," Dugway Proving Ground, Dugway, UT, May 1997.

Romano, James A. Jr., John H. McDonough, Robert Sheridan, and Fredrick R. Sidell, 2001, "Health Effects of Low Level Exposure to Nerve Agents" in Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicity at Low Levels, Satu M. Somani and James A. Romano, Jr., eds., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, 1999, memorandum MCHB-TS-EHR, Subject: "Recommendations of Vapor and Inhalation Toxicity Estimates to be Used in Khamisiyah Modeling," 5 August 1999.

Section II – Hazard Identification

McNamara, B.P. and F. Leitnaker, 1971, Edgewood Arsenal Special Publication EASP 100-98, "Toxicological basis for controlling emission of GB into the environment," Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD: Edgewood Arsenal, US Army Medical Research Laboratories.

Mioduszewski, R.J., S.A. Reuter, L.L. Miller, E.J. Olajos, and S.A. Thomson, 1998, ERDEC-TR-489, "Evaluation of Airborne Exposure Limits for G-Agents: Occupational and General Population Exposure Criteria," Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: US Army Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center.

Section III – Dose-Response

Augerson, William S., 2000, MR-1018/5-OSD, A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 5: "Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Washington, DC: RAND.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1988, "Final recommendations for protecting the health and safety against potential adverse effects of long-term exposure to low doses of agents GA, GB, VX, mustard agent (H, HD, T) and Lewisite (L)," Federal Register, Vol. 53, No. 50, p. 8504-8507.

Central Intelligence Agency and Department of Defense, 1997, "Modeling the Chemical Warfare Agent Release at the Khamisiyah Pit (U)," 4 September 1997.

Department of the Army Medical Services, 1990, Pamphlet 40-8, "Occupational Health Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of Occupational Exposure to Nerve Agents GA, GB, GD, and VX."

Department of Health and Human Services, 1979, Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, Cincinnati, OH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

Environmental Protection Agency, 1995, "Proposed Guidelines for Neurotoxicity Risk Assessment," Federal Register, Vol. 60, October 4, 1995, p. 52031-52056.

Goldsmith, David F., 1995, "Risk Assessment Applied to Environmental Medicine," in Environmental Medicine, S.M. Brooks, M. Gochfeld, J. Herzstein, R.J. Jackson, and M.B. Schenker, eds., St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

McNamara, B.P., and F. Leitnaker, 1971, Edgewood Arsenal Special Publication EASP-100-98, "Toxicological Basis for Controlling Emission of GB into the Environment", Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD: US Army Medical Research Laboratory, Edgewood Arsenal, March 1971.

National Research Council, 1994, Science and Judgement in Risk Assessment, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, Committee on Risk Assessment of Hazardous Air Pollutants.

National Research Council, 1997, Review of Acute Human Toxicity Estimates for Selected Chemical Warfare Agents, Committee on Toxicology.

Romano, James A., Jr., John H. McDonough, Robert Sheridan, and Fredrick R. Sidell, 2001, "Health Effects of Low Level Exposure to Nerve Agents," Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicity at Low Levels, Satu M. Somani and James A. Romano, Jr., eds., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Sidell, F.R., 1997, "Nerve Agents" in Textbook of Military Medicine, Part I, Warfare, Weapons and the Casualty: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, F. R. Sidell, E.T. Takifuji, and D. R. Franz, eds., Washington, DC: Walter Reed Army Medical Center.

Section IV – Hazard Area Assessment

Anthes, R.A., Steven Hanna, Bruce Hicks, and William Pendergrass, 1997, "Comments by Peer Review Panel on Khamisiyah Modeling Report and Presentations on November 4-5, 1997," December 11, 1997.

Anthes, R.A. Steven Hanna, and Bruce Hicks, 2000, "Comments on Khamisiyah Modeling Document Entitled ‘Methodology of Refined Modeling of the Khamisiyah Pit Demolition’ dated 23 February 2000," March 22, 2000.

Bacon D., N. Ahmad, Z. Boybeyi, T. Dunn, M. Hall, P. Lee, R.A. Sarma, M. Turner, K. Waight, S. Young, and J. Zack, 2000, "A dynamically adapting weather and dispersion model: the Operational Multiscale Environment Model with Grid Adaptivity (OMEGA)," Monthly Weather Review, Vol 128, p. 2044-2076.

Bauer, T.J. and R.L. Gibbs, 1998, NSWCDD/TR-98/62, "Software User’s Manual for the Chemical/Biological Agent Vapor, Liquid, and Solid Tracking (VLSTRACK) Computer Model, Version 3.0," Dahlgren, VA: Systems Research and Technology Department, Naval Surface Warfare Center.

Central Intelligence Agency, 1996, "CIA Report on Intelligence Related to Gulf War Illnesses," August 2, 1996.

Central Intelligence Agency and Department of Defense, 1997, "Modeling the Chemical Warfare Agent Release at the Khamisiyah Pit," Falls Church, VA, September 4, 1997.

Directorate for Deployment Health Support of the Special Assistant to the Under Secretary of Defense (Personnel and Readiness) for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical Readiness, and Military Deployments, 2000, "Methodology of Refined Modeling of the Khamisiyah Pit Demolition," Falls Church, VA, 4 December 2000.

Foust, C.B., 1998, ORNL/TM-13649, Compilation of Existing Chemical Agent Guidelines Table as of September 1997, Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Institute for Defense Analyses, 1997, "Report of the Panel Reviewing Analysis of the Khamisiyah Pit Release of Nerve Agent," July 9, 1997.

Mellor, G.L. and T. Yamada, 1974, "A hierarchy of turbulence closure models for planetary boundary layers," Journal of Atmospheric Science, Vol. 31, p. 1791-1806.

Nudell, C.L., Jimmy White, Steven L. Brimhall, and Donald C. Weatherhead, Jr., 2000, "Data Report for the Demolition Characterization Test of the 122-Millimeter Chemical-Fill Rocket," Dugway, UT: West Desert Test Center, US Army Dugway Proving Ground.

Pennsyle, R., 1992, CRDEC-TR-325, "NUSSE4: Improvements and Extensions of the NUSSE3 Model," Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: US Army Chemical Research, Development, and Engineering Center.

Sykes, R.I. et al., 1998, "PC-SCIPUFF Version 1.2PD, Technical Documentation," Princeton, NJ: Titan Corporation, Research and Technology Division.

Warner, T.T. and R.S. Sheu, 2000, "Multiscale local forcing of the Arabian Desert daytime boundary layer and implications for the dispersion of surface-released contaminants," Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 39, p. 686-707.

Section V – Health Risk Characterization

Blick, D.W. et al, 1987, USAFSAM-TR-87-20 "Effects of soman or pyridostigmine on primate equilibrium performance and serum cholinesterase activity," Brooks Air Force Base, Texas: USAF School of Aerospace Medicine.

Blick, D.W. et al., 1988, "Effects of daily repeated soman exposure on tracking performance and blood cholinesterase in rhesus monkeys," Society for Neurosciences, Abstracts Vol. 14, p. 136.

Burchfiel, J.L. and F.H. Duffy, 1982, "Organophosphate neurotoxicity: Chronic effects of sarin on the electroencephalogram of monkey and man," Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, p. 767–778.

Burchfiel, J.L., F.H. Duffy, and V.M. Sim, 1976, "Persistent effects of sarin and dieldren upon the primate electroencephalogram," Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 35, p. 365–379.

Central Intelligence Agency and Department of Defense, 1997, "Modeling the Chemical Warfare Agent Release at the Khamisiyah Pit," Washington, DC, September 1997.

Clement, J.G., 1994, "Toxicity of the combined nerve agents GB/GF in mice: Efficacy of atropine and various oxides as antidotes," Archives of Toxicology, p. 68, 64–66.

Duffy, F.H. and J.L. Burchfiel, 1980, "Long term effects of the organophosphate sarin on EEGs in monkeys and humans," Neurotoxicology Symposium Proceedings, Vol. 1, p. 667–689.

Duffy, F.H., J.L. Burchfiel, P.H. Bartels, M. Gaon, and V.M. Sim, V.M., 1979, "Long-term effects of an organophosphate upon the human encephalogram," Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 47, p. 161–176.

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Environmental Protection Agency, 1995, "Proposed Guidelines for Neurotoxicity Risk Assessment," Federal Register, Vol. 60, No. 192, 4 October 1995, p. 52031–52056.

Harvey, J.C., 1952, MLRR 114 "Clinical observations on volunteers exposed to concentrations of GB," Edgewood, MD, US Army.

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McNamara, B. and L, Leitnaker, 1971, EASP 100-98, "Toxicological basis for controlling emission of GB into the environment," Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD: Edgewood Arsenal, US Army Medical Research Laboratories.

National Research Council, 1985, "Possible long-term health effects of short-term exposure to chemical agents, No.3: Current health status of test subjects," National Academy Press: Washington, DC, Committee on Toxicology.

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Sidell, F. R., 1992, "Clinical considerations in nerve agent intoxication," in Chemical Warfare Agents, S.M. Sumani (Ed.), New York: Academic Press.

Appendix A – Hazard Area Assessment (Modeling and Simulation)

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Appendix B – Hazard Identification

Anthony, D.C., T.J. Montine, and D.G. Graham, 1996, "Toxic Responses of the Nervous System," Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology, C.D. Klaassen, M.O. Amdur, and J. Doull, eds., 5^th ed., New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Baker, D.J. and E.M. Sedgewick, 1996, "Single fiber electromyographic changes in man after organophosphate exposure," Human and Experimental Toxicology, Vol 15, No.5, p. 369-375.

Blick, D.W. et al., 1986, "Effects of soman or pyridostigmine on primate equilibrium performance and blood cholinesterase," Society for Neurosciences, Abstracts, Vol. 12, p. 1203.

Blick, D.W. et al., 1987a, USAFSAM-TR-87-19, "Primate equilibrium performance following soman exposure: Effects of repeated daily exposures to low soman," Brooks Air Force Base, TX: US Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine.

Blick, D.W. et al., 1987b, USAFSAM-TR-87-20, "Effects of soman or pyridostigmine on primate equilibrium performance and serum cholinesterase activity," Brooks Air Force Base, TX: US Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine.

Blick, D.W. et al., 1988., "Effects of daily repeated soman exposure on tracking performance and blood cholinesterase in rhesus monkeys," Society for Neurosciences, Abstracts, Vol. 14, p. 136.

Bucci, T.J. and R.M. Parker, 1992, DTIC AD-A248618, Subject: "Toxicity studies on agents GB and GD (phase II) 90 day subchronic study of GB (sarin type II) in CD rats," Fort Detrick, MD: US Army Biomedical Research and Development Laboratory.

Bucci, T.J., R.M. Parker, and J.A. Crowell, 1991, DTIC AD-A248617, Subject: "Toxicity studies on agents GB and GD (phase II), 90 day subchronic study of GB (sarin type I) in CD-rats," Fort Detrick, MD: US Army Biomedical Research and Development Laboratory.

Bucci, T.J., R.M. Parker, and P.A. Gosnell, 1992, DTIC AD-A248619, Subject: "Delayed neuropathy study of sarin, Type II, in SPF white leghorn chickens," National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, for the US Army Biomedical Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Detrick, MD.

Burchfiel, J.L. and F.H. Duffy, 1982, "Organophosphate neurotoxicity: Chronic effects of sarin on the electroencephalogram of monkey and man," Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, Vol. 4, p. 767-778.

Burchfiel, J.L., F.H. Duffy, and V.M. Sim, 1976. "Persistent effects of sarin and dieldren upon the primate electroencephalogram," Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 35, p. 365-379.

Burns, L.A., B.J. Meade, and A.E. Munson, 1996, "Toxic responses of the immune system," Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology, C.D. Klaassen, M.O. Amdur, and J. Doull, eds., 5^th ed., New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

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Clement, J.G., 1991, DTIC AD-B155, Subject: "Efficacy of various oximes against GF and GB poisoning in mice," Ralston, Alberta, Canada: Defense Research Establishment Suffield.

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Appendix D — Glossary

American Meteorological Society, 2000, "Glossary of Meteorology," Boston, MA, Todd A. Glickman, managing ed., 855 pp. Also available as CD-ROM 20010305.

Brletich, Nancy R, M.J. Waters, G.W. Bowen, and M.F. Tracy, 1995, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, October 1995.

Central Intelligence Agency and Department of Defense, 1997, "Modeling the Chemical Warfare Agent Release at the Khamisiyah Pit (U)," 4 September 1997.

Department of Health and Human Services, 1979, Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, Cincinnati, OH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

Department of the Army, 1990, Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds, Washington, DC.

Institute for Defense Analyses, 1997, "Report of the Panel Reviewing Analysis of the Khamisiyah Pit Release of Nerve Agent," July 9, 1997.

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