End Notes

[1] Tab A lists acronyms, abbreviations, and glossary terms.

[2] Special Assistant For Gulf War Illnesses, "M8A1 Automatic Chemical Agent Alarm" (Information Paper), October 30, 1997, p. 3, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/m8a1alarms/.

[3] US Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command, Information Paper, "Information on the US Army experience with the German NBC Reconnaissance system prior to Operation Desert Shield/Storm," Undated.

[4] Lead Sheet 764, Interview with CBDCOM subject matter expert, May 20, 1996, p. 1.

[5] US Army Field Manual 3-101-2, "NBC Reconnaissance Squad/Platoon (Fox) Operations," August 10, 1994, p. 2-1 to 2-2.

[6] US Army Technical Manual 3-6665-342-10, "Operator's Manual, Nuclear-Biological-Chemical Reconnaissance System (NBCRS) Fox XM93," Washington, DC, Change 2, April 21, 1995, p. 1-35 to 1-37.

[7] US Army Field Manual 3-101-2, "NBC Reconnaissance Squad/Platoon (Fox) Operations," August 10, 1994, p. 2-2.

[8] US Army Technical Manual 3-6665-342-10, "Operator's Manual, Nuclear-Biological-Chemical Reconnaissance System (NBCRS) Fox XM93," Washington, DC, Change 2, April 21, 1995, p. 1-33 to 1-34.

[9] Testimony of Fox subject matter expert, Chemical and Biological Defense Command, before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 7, 1997, p. 85.

[10] Lead Sheet 23181, Meetings with Fox subject matter experts, May 6, 1999, p. 1.

[11] Lead Sheet 23181, Meetings with Fox subject matter experts, May 6, 1999, p. 2.

[12] Memorandum from Department of the Army, Office of the Project Manager for NBC Defense Systems, NBC Reconnaissance Office, Subject: "Answers to Fox Questions," February 24, 1997, p. 2.

[13] Lead Sheet 23181, Meetings with Fox subject matter experts, May 6, 1999, p. 2-3.

[14] Memorandum from Department of the Army, Office of the Project Manager for NBC Defense Systems, NBC Reconnaissance Office, Subject: "MM-1 Operator Flowchart," Attachment, February 5, 1997, p. 1-8.

[15] Bruker-Franzen Analytik GMBH, Subject: "MM-1 User Manual," February 1987, p. 10-2.

[16] Lead Sheet 20381, Meeting with CBDCOM Fox vehicle experts, November 24, 1998, p. 1-2.

[17] Bruker-Franzen Analytik GMBH, Subject: "MM-1 User Manual," February 1987, p. 7-1.

[18] Lead Sheet 20381, Meeting with CBDCOM Fox vehicle experts, November 24, 1998, p. 1.

[19] US Army Technical Manual 3-6665-342-10, "Operator's Manual, Nuclear-Biological-Chemical Reconnaissance System (NBCRS) Fox XM93," Washington, DC, Change 2, April 21, 1995, p. 1-10.

[20] Bruker-Franzen Analytik GMBH, Subject: "MM-1 User Manual," 1987, p. 1-2.

[21] Memorandum from Department of the Army, Office of the Project Manager for NBC Defense Systems, NBC Reconnaissance Office, Subject: "MM1 Operator Flowchart," Attachment, February 5, 1997, p. 1 to 8.

[22] Testimony of Fox subject matter expert, Chemical and Biological Defense Command, before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 7, 1997, p. 92. See Tab A for additional information on these chemical warfare agents.

[23] Lead Sheet 23181, Meetings with Fox subject matter experts, May 6, 1999, p. 3.

[24] US Army Technical Manual 3-6665-342-10, "Operator's Manual, Nuclear-Biological-Chemical Reconnaissance System (NBCRS) Fox XM93," Washington, DC, Change 2, April 21, 1995, p. 1-34.

[25] Lead Sheet 23181, Meetings with Fox subject matter experts, May 6, 1999, p. 1.

[26] Lead Sheet 764, Interview with CBDCOM subject matter expert, May 20, 1996, p. 3.

[27] Memorandum from Department of the Army, Office of the Project Manager for NBC Defense Systems, NBC Reconnaissance Office, Subject: "Answers to Fox Questions," February 24, 1997, p. 2.

[28] Lead Sheet 23181, Meetings with Fox subject matter experts, May 6, 1999, p. 4.

[29] Memorandum from Department of the Army, Office of the Project Manager for NBC Defense Systems, NBC Reconnaissance Office, Subject: "Analysis of Fox MM-1 Tapes," March 3, 1997, p. 2.

[30] Lead Sheet 23181, Meetings with Fox subject matter experts, May 6, 1999, p. 2.

[31] Lead Sheet 764, Interview with CBDCOM subject matter expert, May 20, 1996, p. 4.

[32] US Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command, e-mail message, Subject: "Response to CWA Detection Claims," November 12, 1993.

[33] Letter from Bruker Analytical Systems, Inc., Subject: "Analysis of MM-1 Data for Sarin False Alarm and CS Identification," October 2, 1996, p. 1.

[34] Memorandum from Department of the Army, Office of the Project Manager for NBC Defense Systems, NBC Reconnaissance Office, Subject: "Results of the Combat Systems Test Activity (CSTA) MM-1 Excursion Test," July 14, 1993, p. 2.

[35] The United Nations Blue Book Series, Volume IX, "The United Nations and the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict, 1990-1996," document 189, "Seventh Report of the Executive Chairman of UNSCOM," United Nations Department of Public Information, New York, 1996, p. 656-657; Lead Sheet 25196, Interview with Iraqi Chemical Warfare expert, October 29, 1999, p. 1. In addition, the United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) never identified lewisite in Iraq's inventory of chemical warfare agents.

[36] US Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command, e-mail message, Subject: "Response to CWA Detection Claims," November 12, 1993.

[37] Memorandum from Department of the Army, Office of the Project Manager for NBC Defense Systems, NBC Reconnaissance Office, Subject: "Answers to Fox Questions," February 24, 1997, p. 5 to 14.

[38] Letter from Bruker Daltonics, Subject: "Analysis of MM-1 Data," July 15, 1997, p. 2.

[39] US Army Test and Evaluation Command Test Report abstract , "International Materiel Evaluation (IME) of the German NBC Reconnaissance System," April 1989, p. 22.

[40] Bruker-Franzen Analytik GMBH, Subject: "MM-1 User Manual," 1987, p. 6-11.

[41] Bruker-Franzen Analytik GMBH, Subject: "MM-1 User Manual," 1987, p. 6-11, Lead Sheet 26817, Presidential Special Oversight Board General Interest Items, May 12, 2000, p. 12.

[42] Lead Sheet 764, Interview with CBDCOM subject matter expert, May 20, 1996, p. 2.

[43] Lead Sheet 23181, Meetings with Fox subject matter experts, May 6, 1999, p. 1.

[44] US Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command, Subject: "MM-1 Detection Scenarios," Undated.

[45] Lead Sheet 23181, Meetings with Fox subject matter experts, May 6, 1999, p. 3.

[46] Bruker-Franzen Analytik GMBH, Subject: "MM-1 User Manual," 1987, p. 2-7.

[47] Lead Sheet 26817, Presidential Special Oversight Board General Interest Items, May 12, 2000, p. 6.

[48] US Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command, e-mail message, Subject: "Response to CWA Detection Claims," November 12, 1993.

[49] Memorandum from Department of the Army, Office of the Project Manager for NBC Defense Systems, NBC Reconnaissance Office, Subject: "Answers to Fox Questions," February 24, 1997, p. 2.

[50] Defense Science Board, "Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects," Table 18, June 1994.

[51] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 108.

[52] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 20-21; US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995, Chapter 2, p. 2-5, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I.htm (as of July 2, 1999).

[53] "Evaluation of Airborne Exposure Limits for G-Agents: Occupational and General Population Exposure Criteria," Edgewood Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Technical Report #489, April 1998, p. 21.

[54] Defense Science Board, "Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects," June 1994, p. 6.

[55] US Army Test and Evaluation Command Test Report, "International Materiel Evaluation (IME) of the German NBC Reconnaissance System," April 1989, p. 2. The Army did not test the MM-1 against vapors of blister agents.

[56] Manley, Captain Thomas F., "Marine Corps NBC Defense in South West Asia," Marine Corps Research Center, Research Paper #92-0009, July 1991, p. 48.

[57] 22nd Chemical Company, Memorandum from Fuchs Recon Platoon Leader, Subject: "After Action Report on the Fuchs NBCRS," March 4, 1991, p. 5.

[58] 22nd Chemical Company, Memorandum from Fuchs Recon Platoon Leader, Subject: "After Action Report on the Fuchs NBCRS," March 4, 1991, p. 5.

[59] Manley, Captain Thomas F., "Marine Corps NBC Defense in South West Asia," Marine Corps Research Center, Research Paper #92-0009, July 1991, p. 18.

[60] 22nd Chemical Company, Memorandum from Fuchs Recon Platoon Leader, Subject: "After Action Report on the Fuchs NBCRS," March 4, 1991, p. 3.

[61] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, and Mary Frances Tracy, "Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook," Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, October 1995, p. 427. Copies of the Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook may be purchased from the CBIAC. To order, please contact the CBIAC Administrator, via phone (410-676-9030), fax (410-676-9703), e-mail (cbiac@battelle.org), or use the interactive request form on the CBIAC web site www.cbiac.apgea.army.mil (as of October 19, 1999).

[62] Lead Sheet 764, Interview with CBDCOM subject matter expert, May 20, 1996, p. 3.

[63] Lead Sheet 26817, Presidential Special Oversight Board General Interest Items, May 12, 2000, p. 6.

[64] Lead Sheet 764, Interview with CBDCOM subject matter expert, May 20, 1996, p. 3.

[65] Testimony of Fox subject matter expert, Chemical and Biological Defense Command, before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 7, 1997, p. 48.

[66] US Army Field Manual 3-101-2, "NBC Reconnaissance Squad/Platoon (Fox) Operations," August 10, 1994,

[67] Lead Sheet 26817, Presidential Special Oversight Board General Interest Items, May 12, 2000, p. 12.

[68] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 26.

[69] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995, Glossary, Definitions and Terms, p. 4-5, web site, www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/index.htm (as of June 25, 1999), US Army Materiel Safety Data sheet, HQ Mustard, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 30,1995.

[70] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995, Glossary, Definitions and Terms, p. 6, web site, www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/index.htm (as of June 25, 1999).

[71] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995, Glossary, Definitions and Terms, p. 5, web site, www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/index.htm (as of June 25, 1999).

[72] Defense Technical Information Center, Test Operations Procedure 8-2-555, "Chemical Agent Detector Kits," Dugway Proving Ground, Dugway, UT, April 28, 1989, p. 37.

[73] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 57-59.

[74] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 22-23.

[75] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 30-32.

[76] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 18.

[77] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 19.

[78] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 21.

[79] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 22-23.

[80] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual No 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 17-18; US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995, p. 2-1-2-6, web site, www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/index.htm (as of June 25, 1999).

[81] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 30-31.

[82] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 40-41, 31, 39.

[83] US Army Material Safety Data Sheet, "HQ Mustard," Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 30, 1995.

[85] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 39.

[86] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, and Mary Frances Tracy, "Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook," Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, October 1995, p. 430-431.

[87] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, and Mary Frances Tracy, "Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook," Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, October 1995, p. 412.

[88] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995, Part I, Chapter 2, "Nerve Agents," web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/index.htm (as of November 22, 2000). See also US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990.

[89] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," Glossary, "Definitions and Terms," December 22, 1995, p.17,web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I (as of August 23, 1999).

[90] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 19.

[91] US Army Soldier and Biological Command, web site www.sbccom.army.mil/about/mission.htm (as of September 2, 1999).

[92] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 21.

[93] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," Washington, DC, December 12, 1990, p. 18.

[94] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p 23, 112.

[95] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 23.

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