MEDICAL COUNTERMEASURES AGAINST BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL

File: 123096_sep96_decls27_0019.txt
Page: 0019
Total Pages: 34

Subject: MEDICAL COUNTERMEASURES AGAINST BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL             

Unit: OTSG        

Parent Organization: HSC         

Box  ID: BX003203

Folder Title: FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT REQUEST 3106                                                         

Document Number:          1

Folder Seq  #:         28




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             be confused with a wide variety of viral, bacterial, and
             fungal infectious diseases. Progression over 2-3 days with
             the sudden development of severe respiratory distress
             followed by shock and death in 24-36 hours in essentially
             all untreated cases eliminates diagnoses other than
             inhalation anthrax. The presence of a widened mediastinum
             on chest X-ray, in particular, should alert one to the
             diagnosis. Other suggestive findings include chest-wall
             edema, hemorrhagic pleural effusions, and hemorrhagic
             meningitis. Other diagnoses to consider include aerosol
             exposure to SEB; but in this case, onset would be more rapid
             after exposure (if known), and no prodrome would be evident
             prior to onset of severe respiratory symptoms. Mediastinal
             widening on chest X-ray will also be absent. Patients with
             plague or tularemia pneumonia will have pulmonary
             infiltrates and clinical signs of pneumonia (usually absent
             in anthrax).

             . Specific Laboratory Diaanosis. Bacillus anthracis will
             be readily detecable by blood culture with routine media.
             Smears and cultures of pleural fluid and abnormal
             cerebrospinal fluid may also be positive. Impression smears
             of mediastinal lymph nodes and spleen from fatal cases
             should be positive. Toxemia is sufficient to permit anthrax
             toxin detection in blood by immunoassays, and such assays
             will be available in field-deployed laboratories (see
             Section III).

             Therapy. Almost all cases of inhalation anthrax where
           treatment was begun after patients were symptomatic have been
           fatal, regardless of treatment. Historically, penicillin has
 choice, with 2 million units
           given intravenously every 2 hours. Tetracycline and
           erythromycin have been recommended in penicillin-sensitive
           patients. The vast majority of anthrax strains are sensitive
           in vitro to penicillin. However, penicillin-resistant strains
           exist naturally, and one has been recovered from a fatal human
           case. Moreover, it is not difficult to induce resistance to
           penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and many other
           antibiotics through laboratory manipulation of organisms. All
           naturally-occurring strains tested to date have been sensitive
           to erythromycin, chloramphenical, gentamicin, and
           ciprofloxacin. In the current setting, treatment should be
           instituted at the earliest sign of disease with ciprofloxacin



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Document 34 f:/Week-36/BX003203/FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT REQUEST 3106/medical countermeasures against biological mater:12179609282028
Control Fields 17
File Room = sep96_declassified
File Cabinet = Week-36
Box ID = BX003203
Unit = OTSG
Parent Organization = HSC
Folder Title = FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT REQUEST 3106
Folder Seq # = 28
Subject = MEDICAL COUNTERMEASURES AGAINST BIOLOGICAL MATER
Document Seq # = 1
Document Date =
Scan Date =
Queued for Declassification = 01-JAN-1980
Short Term Referral = 01-JAN-1980
Long Term Referral = 01-JAN-1980
Permanent Referral = 01-JAN-1980
Non-Health Related Document = 01-JAN-1980
Declassified = 17-DEC-1996